Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Menu
Find a journal Publish with us Track your research
Search
Cart
  1. Home
  2. Intensive Care Medicine
  3. Article

Bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit

  • Review Article
  • Published: March 1992
  • Volume 18, pages 160–169, (1992)
  • Cite this article
Download PDF
Intensive Care Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript
Bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit
Download PDF
  • Ph. Jolliet1 &
  • J. C. Chevrolet1 

  • 982 Accesses

  • 61 Citations

  • Explore all metrics

Abstract

The development of the flexible, fiberoptic bronchoscope has made bronchoscopic examinations possible in ICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Over the years, the number of such procedures has greatly increased, with both diagnostic and therapeutic objectives, such as performing difficult intubation, management of atelectasis and hemoptysis, diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients, and early detection of airway lesions in selected situations, such as high-frequency ventilation. The complication rate can be kept low if the endoscopist has a precise knowledge of the many pathophysiological and technical facets particular to bronchoscopy under these difficult conditions. This article reviews some of these aspects, in the light of our personal experience.

Article PDF

Download to read the full article text

Similar content being viewed by others

Bronchoscopy in Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care

Chapter © 2015

Bronchoscopy Before and After Tracheostomy

Chapter © 2018

The Role of Flexible Bronchoscopy

Chapter © 2013
Use our pre-submission checklist

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

References

  1. Zavala D (1975) Diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy: techniques and results in 600 patients. Chest 68:12–19

    Google Scholar 

  2. Landa J (1978) Indications for bronchoscopy. Chest 73:686–690

    Google Scholar 

  3. Landa J (1981) Bronchoscopy: general considerations. In: Sackner M (ed) Diagnostic techniques in pulmonary disease. Dekker, New York Basel, pp 665–696

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ikeda J, Yanai N, Ishikawa S (1968) Flexible bronchofiberscope. Keio J Med 17:1–18

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sackner M (1975) Bronchofiberscopy. State of the art. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:62–88

    Google Scholar 

  6. Krell W (1988) Pulmonary diagnostic procedures in the critically ill. Crit Care Clin 4:393–407

    Google Scholar 

  7. Barrett C (1978) Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the critically ill patient: methodology and indications. Chest 73:746–749

    Google Scholar 

  8. Milledge J (1976) Therapeutic fiberoptic bronchoscopy in intensive care. Br J Med 2:1427–1429

    Google Scholar 

  9. Lindholm C, Ollmann B, Snyder J et al (1974) Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critical care medicine: diagnosis, therapy and complications. Crit Care Med 2:250–261

    Google Scholar 

  10. Zavala D (1988) Bronchoscopy, lung biopsy, and other procedures. In: Murray J, Nadel J (eds) Textbook of respiratory medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia London Toronto Montreal Sydney Tokyo, pp 562–596

    Google Scholar 

  11. Green C, Eisenberg J, Leong A, Nathanson I, Schnapf B, Wood R (1992) Flexible endoscopy of the pediatric airway. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:233–235

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fitzpatrick S, Marsh B, Stokes D et al (1983) Indications for flexible bronchoscopy in pediatric patients. Am J Dis Child 137:595–597

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lindholm C, Ollmann B, Snyder J, Millen E, Grenvik A (1978) Cardiorespiratory effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in critically ill patients. Chest 74:362–367

    Google Scholar 

  14. Matsushima Y, Jones R, King E, Moysa G, Alton J (1984) Alterations in pulmonary mechanics and gas exchange during routine fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 86:184–188

    Google Scholar 

  15. Perry L (1978) Topical anesthesia for bronchoscopy. Chest 73:691–693

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sanderson D, McDougall J (1978) Transoral bronchofiberoscopy. Chest 73:701–703

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ghows M, Rosen M, Chuang M, Sacks H, Teirstein A (1986) Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 89:543–544

    Google Scholar 

  18. Albertini R, Harrel J, Moser K (1974) Hypoxemia during, fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 65:117

    Google Scholar 

  19. Manchon J, Ferber C, Roche F, Lopez M, Gallet M (1988) Intérêt de la mesure transcutanée des gaz du sang au cours des fibroscopies bronchiques en réanimation. Ann Fr Anesth Réanim 7:42–45

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wiedemann H, McCarthy K (1989) Noninvasive monitoring of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Clin Chest Med 10:239–254

    Google Scholar 

  21. Trouillet J, Guiguet M, Gibert C, Fagon J, Dreyfuss D, Blanchet F, Chastre J (1990) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy inventilated patients. Evaluation of cardiopulmonary risk under midazolam sedation. Chest 97:927–933

    Google Scholar 

  22. Credle W, Smiddy J, Elliott R (1974) Complications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 109:67–72

    Google Scholar 

  23. Pereira W, Kovnat D, Snider G (1978) A prospective cooperative study of complications following flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 73:813–816

    Google Scholar 

  24. Surrat P, Smiddy J, Grubert B (1976) Deaths and complications associated with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 69:747–751

    Google Scholar 

  25. Shrader D, Lakshminarayan S (1978) The effect of fiberoptic bronchoscopy on cardiac rhythm. Chest 73:821–824

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kendall R (1985) Role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in asthma. In: Weiss E, Segal M, Stein M (eds) Bronchial asthma. Mechanisms and therapeutics. Little, Brown and Co, Boston Toronto, pp 912–913

    Google Scholar 

  27. Sahn S, Scoggin C (1976) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in bronchial asthma. A word of caution. Chest 69:39–42

    Google Scholar 

  28. Djukanovic R, Wilson J, Lai C, Holgate S, Howarth P (1991) The safety aspects of fiberoptic bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and endobronchial biopsy in asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:772–777

    Google Scholar 

  29. El Sadr W, Simberkoff M (1988) Survival and prognostic factors in severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:1264–1267

    Google Scholar 

  30. Martin W, Smith T, Brutinel W, Cockerill F, Douglas W (1987) Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in the assessment of opportunistic pulmonary infections: utility and complications. Mayo Clin Proc 62:549–557

    Google Scholar 

  31. Olopade C, Prakash U (1989) Bronchoscopy in the critical care unit. Mayo Clin Proc 64:1255–1263

    Google Scholar 

  32. Green C (1986) Improved technique for fiberoptic intubation. Anesthesiology 64:835

    Google Scholar 

  33. Moorthy S, Dierdorf S (1985) An unusual difficulty in fiberoptic intubation. Anesthesiology 63:229

    Google Scholar 

  34. Suarez M, Chediak A, Ershowsky P, Krieger B (1987). Evaluation of a flexible fiberoptic catheter in confirming endotracheal tube placement in the intensive care unit. Respir Care 32:81–84

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kronberg F, Goodwin Jr W (1985) Sinusitis in intensive care unit patients. Laryngoscope 95:936–943

    Google Scholar 

  36. Shapiro M, Wilson K, Casar G, Bloom K, Teague R (1986) Work of breathing through different sized endotracheal tubes. Crit Care Med 14:1028–1031

    Google Scholar 

  37. Schmidt-Nowara W, Altman A (1984) Atelectasis and neuromuscular respiratory failure. Chest 85:792–795

    Google Scholar 

  38. Marini J, Pierson D, Hudson L (1979) Acute lobar atelectasis: a prospective comparison of bronchoscopy and respiratory therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:971–978

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mahajan V, Catron P, Huber G (1978) The value of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the management of pulmonary collapse. Chest 73:817–820

    Google Scholar 

  40. Clergue F, Pansard J (Update 1990) Respiratory changes induced by upper abdominal and cardiac surgery. In: Vincent J (ed) Update in intensive care and emergency medicine. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo, pp 166–173

    Google Scholar 

  41. Barrett C, Vecchione J, Loomis Bell A (1974) Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy for airway management during acute respiratory failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 109:429–434

    Google Scholar 

  42. Wanner A, Landa J, Nieman R, Vevaiana J, Delgado I (1973) Bedside bronchofiberscopy for atelectasis and lung abscess. JAMA 224:1281–1283

    Google Scholar 

  43. Sunderrajan E, Davenport J (1985) The Guillain-Barré syndrome: pulmonary-neurologic correlations. Medicine 64:333–341

    Google Scholar 

  44. Yao Taso T, Huang Tsai Y, Shee Lan R, Bin Shieh W, Huei Lee C (1990) Treatment for collapsed lung in critically ill patients. Chest 97:435–438

    Google Scholar 

  45. Selecky P (1978) Evaluation of hemoptysis through the bronchoscope. Chest 73:741–745

    Google Scholar 

  46. Crocco J, Rooney J, Fankhusen D et al (1968) Massive hemoptysis. Arch Intern Med 121:495–498

    Google Scholar 

  47. Imgrund S, Goldberg S, Walkenstein M, Fischer R, Lippmann M (1985) Clinical diagnosis of masive hemoptysis using the fiberoptic bronchoscope. Crit Care Med 13:438–443

    Google Scholar 

  48. Gourin A, Garzon A (1975) Control of hemorrage in emergency pulmonary resection for massive hemoptysis. Chest68:120–121

    Google Scholar 

  49. Saw E, Gottlieb L, Yokoyama T, Lee B (1976) Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and endobronchial tamponade in the management of massive hemoptysis. Chest 70:589–591

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bense L (1990) Intrabronchial selective coagulative treatment of hemoptysis. Chest 97:990–996

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gottlieb L, Hillberg R (1975) Endobronchial tamponade therapy for intractable hemoptysis. Chest 67:482–483

    Google Scholar 

  52. Bishop M (1989) Mechanisms of laryngotracheal injury following prolonged tracheal intubation. Chest 96:185–186

    Google Scholar 

  53. Nordin U, Lindholm C, Wolgast M (1977) Blood flow in the rabbit trachea mucosa under normal conditions and under the influence of tracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 21:81–94

    Google Scholar 

  54. Conlan A, Hurwitz S (1980) Management of massive haemoptysis with the rigid bronchoscope and cold saline lavage. Thorax 35:901–904

    Google Scholar 

  55. Lang N, Maners A, Broadwater J, Shewmake K, Chu D, Westbrook K (1988) Management of airway problems in lung cancer patients using the Neodymium-Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Nd-YAG) laser and endobronchial radiotherapy. Am J Surg 156:463–465

    Google Scholar 

  56. Uflaker R, Kämerer A, Picon P et al (1985) Bronchial artery embolization in the management of hemoptysis. Radiology 157:637–644

    Google Scholar 

  57. Andrews C, Coalson J, Smith J, Johanson W (1981) Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in acute diffuse lung injury. Chest 80:254–258

    Google Scholar 

  58. Craven D, Kunches L, Kilinsky V, Lichtenberg D, Make B, McCabe W (1986) Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 133:792–796

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kahn R, Arich C, Baron D et al (1990) Diagnostic des pneumonies nosocomiales en réanimation. 5ème conférence de consensus en réanimation et médecine d'urgence. Réan Soins Intens Méd Urg 6:91–124

    Google Scholar 

  60. Montgomery A, Stager M, Carrico C, Hudson L (1985) Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:485–489

    Google Scholar 

  61. Fagon J, Chastre J, Domart Y, Trouillet J, Pierre J, Darné C, Gibert C (1989) Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:877–884

    Google Scholar 

  62. Salata R, Lederman M, Schlaes D, Jacobs M, Eckstein E (1987) Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in intubated, intensive care unit patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:426–432

    Google Scholar 

  63. Torres A, Puig de la Bellacasa J, Xaubert A et al (1989) Diagnostic value of quantitative cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter in mechanically ventilated patients with bacterial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:306–310

    Google Scholar 

  64. Meduri G (1990) Ventilatory-associated pneumonia in patients with respiratory failure. A diagnostic approach. Chest 97:1208–1219

    Google Scholar 

  65. Gaussorgues P, Piperno D, Bachmann P (1989) Comparison of nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage to open lung biopsy for the diagnosis of plumonary infections in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 15:94–98

    Google Scholar 

  66. Chastre J, Fagon J, Soler P, Bornet M, Domart Y, Trouillet J, Gibert C, Hance A (1988) Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in intubated patients undergoing ventilation: comparison of the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and the protected specimen brush. Am J Med 85:499–506

    Google Scholar 

  67. Kahn F, Jones J (1987) Diagnosing bacterial infection by bronchoalveolar lavage. J Infect Dis 155:862–869

    Google Scholar 

  68. Reynolds H (1987) State of the art: bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 135:250–263

    Google Scholar 

  69. Johanson W, Seidenfeld J, Gomez P, de los Santos R, Coalson J (1988) Bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia folowing prolonged mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:259–264

    Google Scholar 

  70. Faling J (1988) New advances in diagnosing nosocomial pneumonia in intubated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 137:253–255

    Google Scholar 

  71. Fagon J, Chastre J, Hance A, Guiguet M, Trouillet J, Domart Y, Pierre J, Gibert C (1988) Detection of nosocomial lung infection in ventilated patients. Use of a protected specimen, brush and quantitative culture techniques in 147 patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 138:110–116

    Google Scholar 

  72. Chastre J, Viau F, Brun P, Pierre J, Dauge M, Bouchama A, Akesbi A, Gibert C (1984) Prospective evaluation of the protected specimen brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 130:924–929

    Google Scholar 

  73. Villers D, Deriennic M, Raffi F (1985) Relability, of the bronchoscopic protected catheter brush in intubated and ventilated patients. Chest 88:527–530

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wimberley N, Faling L, Bartlett J (1979) A fiberoptic bronchoscopy technique to obtain uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture. Am Rev Respir Dis 119:337–343

    Google Scholar 

  75. Matthew E, Holstrom F, Kaspar R (1977) A simple method for diagnosing pneumonia in intubated or tracheostomized patients. Crit Care Med 5:76–81

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mann J, Altus C, Webber C (1987) Nonbronchoscopic lung lavage for diagnosing opportunistic infection in AIDS. Chest 91:319–322

    Google Scholar 

  77. Tobin M, Grenvik A (1984) Nosocomial lung infection and its diagnosis. Crit Care Med 12:191–199

    Google Scholar 

  78. Thorpe J, Baughman R, Frame P, Wessler T, Staneck J (1987) Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosing acute bacterial pneumonia. J Infect Dis 155:855–861

    Google Scholar 

  79. Chastre J, Fagon J, Soler P, Domart Y, Pierre J, Dombret M, Gibert C, Hance A (1989) Quantification of BAL cells containing intracellular bacteria rapidly identifies ventilated patients with nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 95:190S-192S

    Google Scholar 

  80. Andersen H (1978) Transbronchic lung biopsy for diffuse pulmonary diseases. Chest 73:734–736

    Google Scholar 

  81. Williams D, Yungbluth M, Adams G, Glassroth J (1985) The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of immunocompromised hosts with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:880–885

    Google Scholar 

  82. Golden J, Hollander H, Stulbarg M, Gamsu G (1986) Bronchoalveolar lavage as the exclusive diagnostic modality for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 90:18–22

    Google Scholar 

  83. Papin T, Grum C, Weg J (1986) Transbronchial biopsy during mechanical ventilation. Chest 89:168–170

    Google Scholar 

  84. Pincus P, Kallenbach J, Hurwitz M, Clinton C, Feldman C, Abramowitz J, Zwi S (1987) Transbronchial biopsy during mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 15:1136–1139

    Google Scholar 

  85. Stover D, Zaman M, Hajdu S, Lange M, Gold J, Armstrong D (1984) Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary infiltrates in the immunosuppressed host. Ann Intern Med 101:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  86. Broaddus C, Dake M, Stulbarg M, Blumenfeld W, Hadley K, Golden J, Hopewell P (1985) Bronchoalveolar lavage and transbronchial biopsy for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 102:747–752

    Google Scholar 

  87. Murray J, Mills J (1990) Pulmonary infectious complicatios of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Part I. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:1356–1372

    Google Scholar 

  88. Caughey G, Wong H, Gamsu G, Golden J (1985) Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage for the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS. Chest 88:659–662

    Google Scholar 

  89. Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, Janssens J, Lew D, Suter P (1991) Diagnosis of ventilatorassociated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic, and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:1121–1129

    Google Scholar 

  90. Pham L, Brun-Buisson C, Legrand P, Rauss A, Verra F, Brochard L, Lemaire F (1991) Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Comparison of a plugged telescoping catheter with the protected specimen brush. Am Rev Respir Dis 143:1055–1061

    Google Scholar 

  91. Bishop M, Benson M, Sato P, Pierson D (1987) Comparison of high-frequency jet ventilation with conventional mechanical ventilation for bronchopleural fistula. Anesth Analg 66:833–838

    Google Scholar 

  92. Schlenkhoff D, Droste H, Scieszka S, Vogt H (1986) The use of high-frequency jet ventilation in operative bronchoscopy. Endoscopy 18:192–194

    Google Scholar 

  93. Wetzel R, Gioia F (1987) High frequency jet ventilation. Pediatr Clin North Am 34:15–38

    Google Scholar 

  94. Hamilton P, Onayemi A, Smyth J et al. (1983) Comparison of conventional and high-frequency ventilation: oxygenation and lung pathology. J Appl Physiol 55:131–138

    Google Scholar 

  95. Keszler M, Klein R, McClellan L, Nelson D, Platt M (1982) Effects of conventional and high-frequency jet ventilation on lung parenchyma. Crit Care Med 10:514–516

    Google Scholar 

  96. Harris J, Gooch W, Wilson J, Avent J (1984) Necrotizing tracheobronchitis associated with high-frequency jet ventilation Clin Res 32:132A

    Google Scholar 

  97. Ophoven J, Mammel M, Gordon M, Boros S (1984) Tracheobronchial histopathology associated with high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 12:829–832

    Google Scholar 

  98. Kirpalani H, Higa T, Perlman M, Friedberg J, Cutz E (1985) Diagnosis and therapy of necrotizing tracheobronchitis in ventilated neonates. Crit Care Med 13:792–797

    Google Scholar 

  99. Tolkin J, Kirpalani H, Fitzhardinge P, Swyer P, Cutz E, Higa T (1984) Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: a new complication of neonatal mechanical ventilation. Pediatr Res 18:391 A

    Google Scholar 

  100. Mammel M, Ophoven J, Lewallen P, Gordon M, Boros S (1991) Acute airway injury during high-frequency jet ventilation and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. Crit Care Med 19:394–398

    Google Scholar 

  101. Delafosse C, Chevrolet J, Suter P, Cox J (1988) Necrotizing tracheobronchitis: a complication of high-frequency jet ventilation. Virchows Archiv Pathol Anat 413:257–264

    Google Scholar 

  102. Nordin U, Klain M, Keszler H (1982) Electron-microscopic studies of tracheal mucosa after high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 10:A 211

    Google Scholar 

  103. Carlon G, Barker R, Benna R, Guy J (1985) Airway humidification with high-frequency jet ventilation. Crit Care Med 13:114–117

    Google Scholar 

  104. Hara K, Prakash U (1989) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the evaluation of acute chest and upper airway trauma. Chest 96:627–630

    Google Scholar 

  105. Kirsh M, Orringer M, Behrendt D, Sloan H (1976) Management of tracheobronchial disruption secondary to nonpenetrating trauma. Ann Thorac Surg 22:93–101

    Google Scholar 

  106. Cunanan O (1978) The flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope in foreign body removal Chest 73:725–726

    Google Scholar 

  107. Fieselmann J, Zaval D, Keim L (1977) Removal of foreign bodies by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Chest 72:241–243

    Google Scholar 

  108. Gerasin V, Shafirovsky B (1988) Endobronchial electrosurgery. Chest 93:270–274

    Google Scholar 

  109. Schray M, McDougall J, Martinez A, Cortese D, Brutinel W (1988) Management of malignant airway compromise with laser and lowe dose rate brachytherapy. Chest 93:264–269

    Google Scholar 

  110. Fulkerson W (1984) Fiberoptic bronchoscopy. N Engl J Med 311:511–515

    Google Scholar 

  111. Pereira W, Kovnat D, Khan M, Iacovino J, Spivack M, Snider G (1975) Fever and pneumonia fter flexible bronchoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 112:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kane R, Cohen M, Fossieck Jr. B, Tvardzick A (1975) Absence of bacteremia after fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 111:102–104

    Google Scholar 

  113. Higuchi JH, Coalson JJ, Johanson WG (1982) Bacteriologic diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in primates. Usefulness of the protected specimen brush. Am Rev Respir Dis 125:53–57

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Soins Intensifs de Médecine, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, 24, Rue Micheli-du-Crest, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland

    Ph. Jolliet &  J. C. Chevrolet

Authors
  1. Ph. Jolliet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. C. Chevrolet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Jolliet, P., Chevrolet, J.C. Bronchoscopy in the intensive care unit. Intensive Care Med 18, 160–169 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01709240

Download citation

  • Received: 30 August 1991

  • Accepted: 27 February 1992

  • Issue Date: March 1992

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01709240

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Key words

  • Bronchoscopy
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Hemoptysis
  • Atelectasis
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage
  • High-frequency jet ventilation
Use our pre-submission checklist

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

Advertisement

Search

Navigation

  • Find a journal
  • Publish with us
  • Track your research

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Books A-Z

Publish with us

  • Journal finder
  • Publish your research
  • Open access publishing

Products and services

  • Our products
  • Librarians
  • Societies
  • Partners and advertisers

Our imprints

  • Springer
  • Nature Portfolio
  • BMC
  • Palgrave Macmillan
  • Apress
  • Your US state privacy rights
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms and conditions
  • Privacy policy
  • Help and support
  • Cancel contracts here

3.238.82.77

Not affiliated

Springer Nature

© 2024 Springer Nature