References
Ahmed M, Abulfaraj WH, Kutbi II, Ahmad P (1986) Study of toxic trace metal pollution in Jeddah: Phase I: Lead in school children. Final Report, Project No. 5-416, College of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, pp31–37
Ahmed M, Abulfaraj WH, Kutbi II, Ahmad P (1988) Measurements of hair lead concentrations in school children of four cities in Saudi Arabia. Environ Intl 14:237–242.
EEC (1977) A directive on biological screening of the population for lead. EEC Official Journal 20:10–17
Harrison RM, Laxen DRH (1981) Lead pollution: Causes and control. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Jenkins DW (1979) Toxic trace metal in mammalian hair and nails. Report to the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (US EPA), under contract no. 68-03-0443
Katz SA, Wood JD (1980) Hair: A monitor of chemical exposure & disease. Chem Intl 6:12–15
Khattak MN (1982) Inorganic constituents in Dhahran atmospheric aerosols. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 32:176–178
Mousli K (1978) Lead levels in air in the city of Jeddah. B.S. Dissertation, Nuclear Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Nasralla MM (1984) Lead in Jeddah urban dust. Environ Pollut (Series B) 8:133–141
Okamoto K, Morita M, Quan H, Uehiro T, Fuwa K (1985) Preparation & certification of human hair reference material. Clin Chem 31:1592–1597
Ryabukhin YS (1980) Nuclear-based methods for the analysis of trace element pollutants in human hair. J Radioanal Chem 60:7–30
Shobokshy MS El (9184) Preliminary analysis of the inhalable particulate lead in the ambient atmosphere in the city of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Atoms Environ 18:2125–2130
UK Department of Environment (1987) Environmental pollution report HMSO 24:1–15
USEPA (981) National ambient air quality standard for lead. 40 CFR Section 50.12
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmed, M., Ahmad, P. & Kutbi, I.I. Lead pollution in urban and rural Saudi Arabian children. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43, 660–666 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701984
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01701984