Skip to main content
Log in

Anastomotic leakage after resection and bypass for esophageal cancer: Lessons learned from the past

  • Original Scientific Reports
  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A retrospective study of anastomotic leakage has been undertaken in 730 patients who had resection or bypass for carcinoma of the esophagus during the period 1964–1982 at the Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Partial or complete gangrene of the substitute loop also resulting in anastomotic disruptions were excluded from this series. Anastomotic leakage due to suture line failure occurred in 182 patients (24.9%).

Two factors were found by multivariate analysis to influence leakage: the type of operation and the choice of organ used as substitute. Leakage occurred more than twice as often in bypass (42.7%) than in resection (18.3%). When the substitute used for reconstruction was viable, jejunum was associated with the lowest incidence of leakage followed by whole stomach, distal stomach, and colon in that order. The risk of leakage for any combination of the type of operation (resection or bypass) and substitute loop used was calculated. The probability of leakage was lowest when a resection was performed and jejunum was used as substitute. In view of the simplicity and relative safety of using the whole stomach, esophagectomy followed by gastric reconstruction is still the procedure of choice for the majority of patients. A bypass procedure using colon as substitute has the highest leakage rate. A low leakage rate should now be obtained, otherwise nonoperative therapy has a legitimate claim as the preferred alternative treatment modality.

Résumé

Une étude rétrospective a été entreprise chez 730 patients ayant eu une résection ou un bypass pour cancer de l'oesophage au cours des années 1964–1982 dans le département de chirurgie de l'Hôpital Universtaire Queen Mary à Hong Kong. Les fuites anastomotiques dues à une ischémie avec grangrène complète ou partielle de l'organe de remplacement ont été exclues. Cent quatre-vingt deux patients (24.9%) présentaient une déhiscence au niveau de la suture.

A l'analyse multifactorielle, deux facteurs ont été incriminés dans ces déhiscences: le type de l'opération et le choix de l'organe utilisé pour le remplacement. Les fuites anastomotiques étaient deux fois plus fréquentes lorsqu'il s'agissait d'un bypass (42.7%) que quand il s'agissait d'une résection (18.3%). Outre les problèmes ischémiques, la fréquence des fuites était inférieure lorsque'on utilisait le jéjunum. Venaient ensuite dans l'ordre l'estomac entier, l'estomac distal et le côlon. En combinant le type de l'intervention et l'organe utilisé, on obtenait un risque minimum de fuite anastomotique dans la résection associée à une anse jéjunale montée. Mais comme il est plus simple d'utiliser l'estomac entier, on préfère ce procédé pour la plupart des patients. Le bypass utilisant le côlon présentait le plus grand taux de fuite anastomotique. Il faut s'efforcer d'obtenir un taux de déhiscence anastomotique bas: autrement on doit préférer un traitement non chirurgical des cancers de l'oesophage.

Resumen

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las fugas anastomóticas en 730 pacientes que fueron sometidos a resección o a derivación por carcinoma de esófago en el período 1964–1982 en el Departamento de Cirugía de la Universidad de Hong Kong del Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. Las gangrenas parcial o completas del asa sustituta que también hubieran dado lugar a dehiscencias anastomóticas fueron excluídas de la serie. La fuga anastomótica debida a falla de la línea de sutura se presentó en 182 pacientes (24.9%).

Dos factures fueron identificados mediante el análisis multivariable como de influencia en la fuga anastomótica: el tipo de operación y el órgano escogido como sustituto. La fuga se presentó con una frecuencia mayor del doble en las operaciones de derivación (42.7%) que en las resecciones (18.3%). Cuando el sustituto utilizado para la reconstrucción se mantuvo viable, el yeyuno apareció asociado con la más baja incidencia, seguido del estómago total, del estómago distal, y del colon, en este orden. El riesgo de fuga para cualquier combinación de operación (resección o derivación) con el asa sustituta utilizada, fue calculado. La probabilidad de fuga fue menor para la combinación de resección con el yeyuno como sustituto. Sin embargo, en vista de la simplicidad y seguridad relativa de utilizar la totalidad del estómago, la esofaguectomía con reconstrucción gástrica es todavía el procedimiento de elección para la mayoría de los pacientes. La derivación utilizando el colon como sustituto posee la más alta tasa de fuga anastomótica. Una baja tasa debe ser lograda en la actualidad, o de lo contrario la terapia no operatoria puede tener justificación como la modalidad terapéutica de preferencia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fekete, F., Breil, P., Ronsse, H., Tossen, J.C., Langonnet, F.: EEA stapler and omental graft in esophagogastrectomy. Experience with 30 intrathoracic anastomoses for cancer. Ann. Surg.193:825, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  2. West, P.N., Marbarger, J.P., Martz, M.N., Roper, C.L.: Esophagogastrostomy with the EEA stapler. Ann. Surg.193:76, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hopkins, R.A., Alexander, J.C., Postlethwait, R.W.: Stapled esophagogastric anastomosis. Am. J. Surg.147:283, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wong, J., Cheung, H., Lui, R., Fan, Y.W., Smith, A., Siu, K.F.: Esophagogastric anastomosis performed with a stapler: The occurrence of leakage and stricture. Surgery101:408, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sugimachi, K., Ueo, H., Kai, H., Okudaira, Y., Inokuchi, K.: Problems in esophageal bypass for unresectable carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.84:62, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  6. Postlethwait, R.W.: Complications and deaths after operations for esophageal carcinoma. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.85:827, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  7. Angorn, I.B., Haffejee, A.A.: Retrosternal gastric bypass for the palliative treatment of unresectable oesophageal carcinoma. A simple technique. S. Afr. Med. J.64:901, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  8. Conlan, A.A., Nicolaou, N., Hammond, C.A., Pool, R., de Nobrega, C., Mistry, B.D.: Retrosternal gastric bypass for inoperable esophageal cancer: A report of 71 patients. Ann. Thorac. Surg.36:396, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  9. Orringer, M.B.: Substernal gastric bypass of the excluded esophagus—Results of an ill-advised operation. Surgery96:467, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  10. Ong, G.B.: Unresectable carcinoma of the oesophagus. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl.56:3, 1975

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ong, G.B., Lam, K.H., Wong, J., Lim, T.K.: Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in esophageal carcinoma. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.76:745, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  12. Wong, J., Lam, K.H., Wei, W.I., Ong, G.B.: Results of the Kirschner operation. World J. Surg.5:547, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wilson, S.E., Stone, R., Scully, M., Ozeran, L., Benfield, J.R.: Modern management of anastomotic leak after esophagogastrectomy. Am. J. Surg.144:95, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  14. Richardson, J.D., Martin, L.F., Borzotta, A.P., Polk, H.C.: Unifying concepts in treatment of esophageal leaks. Am. J. Surg.149:151, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  15. Huang, G.J., Zhang, D.W., Wang, G.Q., Lin, H., Wang, L.J., Liu, J.S., Cheng, G.Y., Wang, X.J.: Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus. Chin. Med. J.94:305, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  16. Skinner, D.B.: Esophageal malignancies. Experience with 110 cases. Surg. Clin. North Am.56:137, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  17. Chassin, J.L.: Esophagogastrectomy: Data favoring end-to-side anastomosis. Ann. Surg.188:22, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  18. Inberg, M.V., Linna, M.I., Scheinin, T.M., Vanttinen, E.: Anastomotic leakage after excision of esophageal and high gastric carcinoma. Am. J. Surg.122:540, 1971

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hermreck, A.S., Crawford, D.G.: The esophageal anastomotic leak. Am. J. Surg.132:794, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  20. Heck, Jr., H.A., Rossi, N.P.: Esophageal and gastroesophageal junction carcinoma: An evolved philosophy of management. Cancer46:1873, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  21. Skinner, D.B.: Esophageal reconstruction. Am. J. Surg.139:810, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  22. Belsey, R.: Reconstruction of the oesophagus. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl.65:360, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  23. Ngan, S.Y.K., Wong, J.: Lengths of different routes for esophageal replacement. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg.91:790, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pettigrew, R.A., Burns, H.J.G., Carter, D.C.: Evaluating surgical risk: The importance of technical factors in determining outcome. Br. J. Surg.74:791, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  25. Russell, R.C.G.: Surgical technique. Br. J. Surg.74:763, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  26. Wong, J.: Stapled esophagogastric anastomosis in the apex of the right chest after subtotal esophagectomy for carcinoma. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.164:568, 1987

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Lorentz, T., Fok, M. & Wong, J. Anastomotic leakage after resection and bypass for esophageal cancer: Lessons learned from the past. World J. Surg. 13, 472–477 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01660760

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01660760

Keywords

Navigation