Skip to main content
Log in

Cephaloceles: Classification, pathology, and management

  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A cephalocele is defined as a herniation of cranial contents through a defect in the skull. Cephaloceles are classified according to their contents and location. We have reviewed a total of 112 patients with cephaloceles, 51 of whom had sincipital meningoencephaloceles (fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephaloceles). This group is distinctive in its demographic distribution, in the effect on growth of other facial structures, and in the combined craniofacial approach needed to treat them. This review is based on the sincipital encephaloceles with the other cephaloceles included for completeness. Despite many theories, the cause of congenital cephalocele is not known. Preoperative work-up includes 3-dimensional computed tomography scan of the facial skeleton, and surgical management is multidisciplinary in nature. The aim is to remove the lesion before the deformity has time to greatly distort facial growth, which appears to realign itself after surgery. The 50 patients who underwent surgery for fronto-ethmoidal encephalocele all survived with minimal complications.

Résumé

Les encéphalocèles se définissent comme des hernies du contenu de la boite crânienne à travers un défect du crâne. On les classe selon leur contenu et selon l'endroit où elles se produisent. Nous avons passé en revue un total de 112 patients présentant une encéphalocèle dont 51 présentaient des méningo-encéphalocèles sincipitales (méningoencéphalocèles fronto-ethmoÏdales). Ce groupe se caractérise par sa répartition démographique, son effet sur la croissance des autres structures de la face et son approche opératoire craniofaciale combinée. Cet article est centré sur les encéphalocèles sincipitales. Malgré le grand nombre de théories proposées, la cause des encéphalocèles congénitales reste inconnue. Le bilan préoératoire nécessite la tomodensitométrie en trois dimensions du squelette de la face; le traitement chirurgical est multidisciplinaire. Le but de cette chirurgie est d'enlever la lésion avant que la malformation ait eu le temps de perturber la croissance de la face; celle-ci se corrige après la chirurgie. Les 50 patients qui ont subi cette chirurgie ont tous survécu avec un minimum de complications.

Resumen

Se define el cefalocele como una herniación del contenido a través de un defecto en el cráneo. Los cefaloceles son clasificados de acuerdo a su contenido y a su ubicación. Hemos revisado un total de 112 pacientes con cefaloceles, 51 de los cuales presentaban meningoencefaloceles sincipitales (meningoencefaloceles frontoetmoidales). Este grupo se distingue en cuanto a su distribución demográfica, al efecto sobre el crecimiento de otras estructuras faciales, y al abordaje cráneofacial combinado que debe emplearse en su tratamiento. La revisión se basa en los encefaloceles sincipitales; el resto de los encefaloceles ha sido incluido con miras a una revisión más comprensiva. A pesar de la existencia de diversas teorías, la causa del encefalocele congénito es desconocida. La valoración preoperatoria incluye la escanografía tridimensional computadorizada del esqueleto facial; el manejo quirÚrgico es de naturaleza interdisciplinaria. El propósito es la remoción de la lesión antes de que la deformidad tenga tiempo de distorsionar grandemente el crecimiento facial, el cual parece realinearse después de la cirugía. Los 50 pacientes que fueron sometidos a cirugía por encefalocele frontoetmoidal sobrevivieron todos con mínimas complicaciones.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. McLaurin, R.L.: Cranium bifidum and cranial cephaloceles. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology, P.J. Vinken, G.W. Bruyn, editors, vol. 30. ch. 7, Congenital malformations of the brain and skull, Part I, Amsterdam. North-Holland Publishing Co., 1977, pp. 209–218

    Google Scholar 

  2. Spring, A.: Monographie de la hernie du cerveau et de quelques lesions voisines. Memoires de L'Academie Royale de Medecine de Belgique, 1954

  3. LeDran, H.F.: Observations in Surgery, London, James Hodges, 1740

    Google Scholar 

  4. Matson, D.D.: Neurosurgery of Infancy and Childhood, Springfield. Charles C. Thomas, 1969, pp. 61–75

    Google Scholar 

  5. David, D.J.: New perspectives in the management of cranio-facial deformity. Ann. R. Coll. Surg. Engl.66:270, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  6. David, D.J., Sheffield, L., Simpson, D., White, J.: Fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephaloceles: Morphology and treatment. Br. J. Plast. Surg.37:271, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  7. David, D.J., Simpson, D.A.: Fronto-ethmoidal meningoencephaloceles. Clin. Plast. Surg.14:83, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  8. Simpson, D.A., David, D.J., White, J.: Cephaloceles: Treatment, outcome and antenatal diagnosis. Neurosurgery15:14, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  9. David, D.J., Simpson. D.A., Cooter, R.D.: Meningoencephaloceles: Classification and management. In Advances in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 5, Chicago, Year Book Medical Publishers (in press)

  10. Hemmy, D.C., David, D.J.: Skeletal morphology of anterior encephaloceles defined through the use of three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography. Pediatr. Neurosci.12:18, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  11. Suwanwela, C., Suwanwela, N.: A morphological classification of sincipital encephaloceles. J. Neurosurg.36:201, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  12. von Meyer, E.: Uber Basale Hirnhernie In Der Gegend Der Lamina Cibrosa. Virchows Archiv. (Pathologische Anatomie)120:309, 1890

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tessier, P.: Anatomical classification of facial, craniofacial and latero-facial clefts. J. Maxillofac. Surg.4:69, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  14. Mazzola, R.A.: Congenital malformations in the frontonasal area: Their pathogenesis and classification. Clin. Plast. Surg.3:573, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gerhardt, H.-J., Muhler, G., Szdzuy, D., Biedermann, F.: Zur Therapie Problematik bei Sphenodthmoidalen Maningozelen. Zentralbl. Neurochir.40:85, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  16. Barrow, N., Simpson, D.A.: Cranium bifidum: Investigation, prognosis and management. Aust. Paediatr. J.2:20, 1966

    Google Scholar 

  17. Suwanwela, C: Geographical distribution of fronto-ethmoidal encephaloceles. Br. J. Preventative Med.26:193, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  18. Thu, H., Kyu, H.: Epidemiology of fronto-ethmoidal encephalomeningocele in Burma. J. Epidemiol. Community Health38:89, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  19. Hemmy, D.C., David, D.J., Herman, G.T.: Three-dimensional reconstruction of cranial deformity using computed tomography. Neurosurgery13:534. 1983

    Google Scholar 

  20. Naim-ur-Rahman: Nasal encephalocele: Treatment by transcranial operation. J. Neurol. Sci.42:73, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jackson, I.T., Tanner, N.S., Hide, T.A.: Frontonasal encephalocele—“long nose hypertelorism.“ Ann. Plast. Surg.11:490, 1983

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

David, D.J., Proudman, T.W. Cephaloceles: Classification, pathology, and management. World J. Surg. 13, 349–357 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01660747

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01660747

Keywords

Navigation