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Overview of randomized clinical trials of total parenteral nutrition for malnourished surgical patients

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Abstract

The past decade has seen a maturation of the art and science of perioperative nutritional support. We now have sufficient data to make informed and reasonable judgments regarding when we should and should not provide perioperative TPN. These judgments can be considered medically sound and fiscally responsible. The following guidelines are proposed: (1) Postoperative TPN should be considered when oral or enteral feeding is not anticipated within 7 to 10 days in previously well-nourished patients or within 5 to 7 days in previously malnourished or critically ill patients. (2) Preoperative TPN should be considered in patients who cannot or should not eat or receive enteral feedings if the operation must be delayed for more than 3 to 5 days. (3) Preoperative TPN should be considered in the most severely malnourished surgical candidates if an operative delay is not contraindicated. In patients with only mild to moderate degrees of malnutrition preoperative TPN is not indicated.

Résumé

Au cours de la dernière décennie, l'art et la science du support nutritionnel en chirurgie ont progressé. Nous avons à présent suffisamment de connaissances pour prendre des décisions raisonnables quant à la nécessité de fournir une alimentation parentérale totale en période périopératoire. On propose les règles suivantes: 1) Il faut envisager une réalimentation parentérale totale lorsqu'on pense que l'alimentation orale ou entérale n'est pas possible dans les 7–10 jours postopératoires chez un patient en état nutritionnel normal, ou dans les 5 à 7 jours post-opératoires chez le patient dénutri ou sévèrement malade. 2) L'alimentation parentérale totale doit être envisagée chez le patient qui ne peut ou qui ne doit pas s'alimenter ou reçevoir une alimentation entérale si l'intervention est retardée de plus de 3–5 jours. 3) L'alimentation parentérale totale doit être envisagée chez le patient dénutri lorsque l'intervention ne peut être repoussée. L'alimentation parentérale totale n'est pas indiquée chez le patient dont l'état nutritionnel préopératoire est peu atteint.

Resumen

En el último decenio se registra la maduración del arte y la ciencia del soporte nutricional perioperatorio. Ya disponemos de suficiente información para tomar decisiones razonables sobre cuándo debemos o no debemos proveer nutrición parenteral total (NPT) preoperatoria. Tales decisiones pueden ser ahora lógicas desde el punto de vista médico, y responsables desde la perspectiva económica.

El propósito del presente artículo es la revisión de los estudios sobre la valoración de los informes disponibles para una mejor definición de la NPT en el periodo preoperatorio. El papel más apropiado de la NPT en el periodo preoperatorio probablemente está ubicado entre los extremos representados, por una parte, por el entusiasmo desbordado de los finales de los años 1970, y por otra, el cauteloso escepticismo que prevaleció una década más tarde. El objetivo del soporte nutricional perioperatorio es mantener o mejorar el estado nutricional durante los días inmediatamente anteriores o posteriores a la operación. Pero la NPT perioperatoria sólo se puede justificar si evidencia reducción de las complicaciones y muerte postoperatorias. En general, los hallazgos “positivos” en un número limitado de los ensayos publicados que sugieren beneficio de la NPT no proveen documentación convincente sobre su eficacia, pero por otra parte tampoco excluyen posibles beneficios de importancia por razón de defectos en el diseño de los estudios. Recientes estudios, a partir de 1987, indican que no hay beneficio en pacientes con grados mínimos de malnutrición, proveen evidencia fuerte en contra de eficacia clínica en pacientes con grados leves o moderados de malnutrición y sugieren, aunque no confirman, su eficacia en los pacientes serveramente desnutridos. En ausencia de una malnutrición severa, o de otras indicaciones específicas para NPT preoperatoria, la mayoría de los pacientes deben ser operados con prontitud.

Se proponen las siguientes directrices:

  1. 1)

    La NPT postoperatoria debe ser considerada sólo cuando se prevea que no será posible iniciar alimentación oral o enteral en los primeros 7–10 días en pacientes en buen estado nutricional previo, o en 5–7 días en pacientes desnutridos o en estado crítico.

  2. 2)

    La NPT preoperatoria debe ser considerada en los pacientes que no pueden o que no deban comer o recibir alimentación enteral, si la operación tiene que ser demorada por más de 3–5 días.

  3. 3)

    La NPT preoperatoria debe ser considerada en los pacientes severamente desnutridos si no hay contraindicación para la demora en realizar la operación. En los pacientes con grados leves a moderados de malnutrición no está indicada la NPT preoperatoria.

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Buzby, G.P. Overview of randomized clinical trials of total parenteral nutrition for malnourished surgical patients. World J. Surg. 17, 173–177 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658923

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