Abstract
Trends are changing in the management of infants and children with indirect inguinal hernias. Advances in neonatal intensive care have resulted in the survival of many small premature infants who have a high incidence of inguinal hernia. The rate of incarceration, strangulation, and gonadal infarction in these babies is twice that of the general pediatric age group. Respiratory immaturity, apnea, bradycardia, and associated neonatal conditions require special management at the time of hernia repair, usually performed just before discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. New information concerning volume loss and depletion of germ cells beginning at 6 months of age in boys with undescended testes has stimulated the performance of orchiopexy when the patient is 1 year of age. More than 90% of boys with cryptorchid testes at the age of 1 year have an associated hernia that requires concomitant repair at the time of orchiopexy. The use of the peritoneal cavity for fluid absorptive purposes in hydrocephalus treated by venticuloperitoneal shunts or of peritoneal dialysis for renal failure and metabolic diseases such as hyperammonemia and lactic acidosis causes increased intraabdominal pressure and results in the appearance of a previously unrecognized hernia. Recognition of these and other conditions associated with a high incidence of hernial occurrence should allow early diagnosis and treatment before the development of complications. Most elective repairs of hernias are safely performed in the outpatient setting; however, some infants and children with concurrent illnesses are best managed in a “morning admissions” program, in which hospital admission occurs postoperatively.
Résumé
Le traitement des hernies inguinales obliques externes chez le bébé et l'enfant évolue. Les progrès accomplis dans les soins intensifs des nouveau-nés ont permis la survie d'un plus grand nombre d'enfants prématurés qui présentent une fréquence plus importante de hernies inguinales. Le taux d'engouement, d'étranglement, et d'ischémie gonadale chez cette population est deux fois celui de la population pédiatrique générale. Le développement respiratoire inachevé, l'apnée, la bradycardie, et d'autres conditions néonatales associées sont autant de facteurs qui nécessitent le travail d'une équipe spécialisée au moment du traitement de la hernie qui se situe juste avant la sortie de l'unité de soins intensifs. Certaines études ayant montré une perte de volume et une déplétion de cellules germinales à partir de l'âge de 6 mois chez le garçon avec une ectopie testiculaire, on préconise une orchidopexie tôt, à l'âge d'un an. Plus de 90% de ces enfants présentent une hernie associée qui doit être réparée en même temps. L'utilisation de la cavité péritonéale pour dériver l'hydrocéphalie par shunt ventriculopéritonéal ou pour dialyse péritonéale en cas d'insuffisance rénale ou autres maladies métaboliques comme l'hyperammonémie et l'acidose lactique sont des causes d'hyperpression intra-abdominale avec augmentation du nombre de cas de hernies jusqu'alors méconnues. Une meilleure connaissance de ces conditions propices à augmenter le nombre de hernies symptomatiques devrait permettre d'en faire le diagnostic plus tôt et de les traiter avant l'apparition des complications. La plupart des hernies non compliquées sont traitées sans hospitalisation. Cependant, quelques bébés et enfants ayant d'autres maladies concomitantes sont mieux traités avec un programme d'hospitalisation de jour, c'est-à-dire que l'enfant est hospitalisé pendant 24 heures après son opération.
Resumen
Este artículo se refiere a las tendencias en el manejo de lactantes y niños con hernias inguinales indirectas. Los avances logrados en el cuidado intensivo neonatal han resultado en la supervivencia de muchos pequeños prematuros, quienes exhiben una elevada incidencia de hernia inguinal. La tasa de incarceración, estrangulación, e infarto gonadal en estos pacientes es dos veces la de la población pediátrica general. La inmadurez respiratoria, apnea, bradicardia, y otras condiciones neonatales asociadas requieren un manejo especial con ocasión de la reparación herniaria, la cual generalmente se realiza inmediatamente antes de la salida de la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal. Nuevos conocimientos sobre pérdida de volumen y depleción de las células germinales, lo cual comienza a los 6 meses de edad en niños con testículos no descendidos, ha estimulado la realización de orquidopexia cuando el paciente llegue a la edad de un ano. Más del 90% de los niños con testículos criptorquídicos a la edad de un año tienen una hernia asociada que requiere reparación concomitante con la orquidopexia. El uso de la cavidad peritoneal para efectos de absorción de fluidos en el caso de hidrocéfalos tratados con la implantación de sistemas valvulares ventriculoperitoneales, o de diálisis peritoneal para falla renal y enfermedades metabólicas tales como hiperamonemia o acidosis láctica, causa un aumento en la presión intraabdominal y resulta en la aparición de una hernia previamente inaparente. La identificación de estas y otras condiciones asociadas con una elevada incidencia de hernia debe hacer posible el diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos, antes de que se presenten complicaciones. La mayoría de las reparaciones herniarias pueden ser realizadas en forma adecuada como procedimientos ambulatorios. Sin embargo, algunos infantes y niños con enfermedades concurrentes pueden ser mejor manejados en un programa de admisión matinal, en el cual la hospitalización se produce en el postoperatorio.
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Grosfeld, J.L. Current concepts in inguinal hernia in infants and children. World J. Surg. 13, 506–515 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658863
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658863
Keywords
- Hernia Repair
- Inguinal Hernia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
- Lactic Acidosis
- Cual