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Palliative operative procedures for carcinoma of the gallbladder

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Abstract

Gallbladder cancer afflicts predominantly women, the elderly, and persons with gallstones. Despite its producing symptoms of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, jaundice, and anorexia, this disease remains difficult to detect. Even with contemporary imaging techniques, most gallbladder cancers escape diagnosis until the time of laparotomy. The aggressive character of this malignancy permits an overall 5-year survival rate of 3–5%. Although cures occur, the majority of operations performed for gallbladder cancer are for palliation. The objects of palliation include relief of pain, relief of jaundice, relief of intestinal obstruction, and the restoration of normal food intake. Resection of the tumor should be performed whenever possible; however, extensive operations including large liver resections and pancreaticoduodenectomy should be avoided in the presence of distant metastases. In the presence of large unresectable hilar masses, internal biliary bypass may relieve jaundice. Biliary-enteric anastomosis using the segment III duct exposed via the umbilical fissure may offer satisfactory relief of jaundice in selected cases.

Résumé

Le cancer de la vésicule biliaire affecte surtout les femmes, les personnes âgées et ceux qui ont des calculs. Malgré des symptômes tels nausées et vomissements, perte de poids, ictère et anorexie, cette maladie est difficile à diagnostiquer. Même avec les techniques d'imagerie actuelles, la plupart des cancers de la vésicule biliaire échappent au diagnostic jusqu'à la laparotomie. La malignité est telle que lé pronostic est sévère avec un taux global de survie à 5 ans de 3–5%. Bien qu'il y ait des cas de guérison, la plupart des interventions pour cancer de la vésicule biliaire sont à visée palliative. Les opérations palliatives ont pour but de soulager la douleur, faire disparaître l'ictère, éviter l'occlusion intestinale et de rétablir une alimentation normale. La résection de la tumeur doit être faite chaque fois qu'elle est possible, mais les interventions comportant d'importantes résections du foie et la duodénopancréatectomie céphalique sont à proscrire s'il y a des métastases à distance. En cas de grosses masses hilaires impossibles à réséquer, une prothèse biliaire peaut faire disparaître l'ictère. L'anastomose hépatojéjunale sur le segment III abordée par la scissure ombilicale peut dans certains cas faire disparaître l'ictère.

Resumen

El cáncer de la vesícula biliar afecta principalmente a mujeres, a ancianos, y a personas con colelitiasis. A pesar de que produce síntomas de dolor abdominal, náusea y vómito, pérdida de peso, ictericia, y anorexia, esta enfermedad sigue siendo difícil de detectar. Aún mediante técnicas contemporáneas de imagenología, la mayoría de los cánceres de la vesícula biliar escapa al diagnóstico hasta el momento de la laparotomía. La naturaleza agresiva de esta neoplasia resulta en una sobrevida global a 5 años de 3–5%. Aunque se logran curaciones, la mayoría de las operaciones por cáncer de la vesícula biliar son de carácter paliativo. El prbpósito de la paliación incluye el control del dolor, el control de la ictericia, el control de la obstrucción intestinal, y la restauración de la ingesta alimenticia normal. La resección del tumor debe ser realizada en cuanto sea posible; sin embargo, las operaciones extensas que incluyen resecciones hepáticas y pancreatoduodenectomia, deben ser evitados en presencia de metástasis distantes. En presencia de grandes masas biliares no resecables, la derivación biliar interna puede aliviar la ictericia. La anastomosis bilioentérica utilizando el canal del segmento III expuesto por vía de la fisura umbilical puede ofrecer un alivio satisfactorio de la ictericia en casos seleccionados.

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Jones, R.S. Palliative operative procedures for carcinoma of the gallbladder. World J. Surg. 15, 348–351 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658727

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