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Radical operations for carcinoma of the gallbladder: Present status in Japan

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Abstract

Based on the histological findings of 1,686 resected cases of gallbladder carcinoma and operative results collected from 172 major hospitals in Japan, the present status of radical operation was assessed with respect to the relationship between the depth of carcinoma invasion and the operative results. The depth of carcinoma invasion was classified into 5 groups, i.e., limited to the mucosal layer (m) in 11.9%, advanced to the proper muscle layer (pm) in 9.8%, extending to the subserosal layer (ss) in 29.6%, serosal involvement (se) in 21.8%, and carcinoma invading the adjacent organs (si) in 26.9%. Tumor extension, such as lymph node metastasis, invasion of lymphatic and venous vessels, and perineural infiltration, were observed more frequently in patients with ss, se, and si than in those with m and pm. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 82.6% and 72.5% in patients with m and pm, which were significantly higher than 37.0%, 14.7%, and 7.5% in those with ss, se, and si, respectively. The choice of operative procedures should depend on the depth of carcinoma invasion. Cholecystectomy alone is done only in patients with tumor limited to the mucosa, and more radical procedures such as extended Cholecystectomy should be performed in those with carcinoma invasion beyond the mucosa. Pancreatoduodenectomy is indicated in those with lymph node metastasis posterior to the head of the pancreas and with invasion to the duodenum. When the tumor directly invades the liver, major hepatic resection is recommended. Extended right hepatic lobectomy with pancreatoduodenectomy should be reserved only for those younger than 70 years of age with advanced carcinoma and in a good nutritional state because of the high postoperative morbidity and mortality.

Résumé

D'après les données histologiques de 1,686 cas de résection du cancer de la vésicule biliaire et les résultats postopératoires de 172 grands hôpitaux du Japon, on fait le point sur l'intervention radicale en ce qui concerne le rapport entre l'importance de l'envahissement du cancer et les résultats de l'intervention. Selon l'importance de l'envahissement, les cancers ont été classés en 5 groupes: cancer limité à la muqueuse (m), 11.9%; avancé jusqu'au muscularis (mp) 9.8%; étendu à la sous-séreuse (ss), 29.6%; avec envahissement de la séreuse (es), 21.8%; et avec envahissement des organes adjacents (eoa), 26.9%. L'envahissement tumoral comme les métastases ganglionnaires, l'envahissement des vaisseaux lymphatiques et veineux et l'infiltration périneurale ont été observés plus souvent chez les patients avec ss, es et eoa que chez les patients avec m et mp. Les taux de survie à 5 ans étaient de 82.6 et 72.5% chez les patients avec m et mp, taux significativement plus élevés que 37.0%, 14.7%, et 7.5% chez les patients avec ss et eoa, respectivement. Le choix du procédé d'intervention devrait dépendre de l'importance de l'envahissement du cancer. La cholécystectomie seule est faite uniquement chez les patients avec m, et des procédés plus radicaux comme la cholécystectomie étendue devraient être faits chez les patients chez qui l'envahissement cancéreux s'est étendu au-delà de m. La duodénopancréatectomie est indiquée pour ceux qui ont des métastases ganglionnaires postérieures à la tête du pancréas et un envahissement du duodénum. Quand la tumeur envahit directement le foie, une large résection hépatique est recommandée. La résection hépatique droite étendue avec duodénopancréatectomie devrait être uniquement réservée aux patients qui ont un cancer avancé mais qui ont moins de 70 ans et sont en bon état nutritionnel à cause des risques de morbidité et de mortalité inhérents à cette intervention.

Resumen

Con bases en los hallazgos histológicos de 1,668 casos de carcinoma de la vesícula biliar sometidos a résectión y en los resultados operatorios en 172 hospitales mayores en Japón, se efectúo la evaluación del estado actual de la operation radical respecto a la relatión entre la profundidad de la invasión y los resultados operatorios. La profundidad de la invasión carcinomatosa fue clasificada en 5 grupos: limitada a la capa mucosa (m) en 11.9%, avanzada hasta la capa muscular propia (pm) en 9.8%, extensión a la capa subserosa (ss) en 29.6%, invasión de la serosa (se) en 21.8%, e invasion de órganos adyacentes (si) en 26.9%. Extensiones tumorales, tales como metástasis o ganglios linfáticos, invasión de vasos linfáticos y venosos, e infiltración perineural fueron observados más frecuentemente en pacientes con ss, se, y si, que en aquellos con m y pm. Las tasas acumulativas de sobrevida a 5 años fueron 82.6% y 72.5% en pacientes con m y pm, lo cual fue significativamente mayor que 37.0%, 14.7%, y 7.5% en aquellos con ss, se, y si, respectivemente. La escogencia de procedimientos operatorios debe depender de la profundidad de invasión por el carcinoma. La colecistectomía simple debe ser realizada solamente en pacientes con m, y procedimientos más radicales tales como una colecistectomía ampliada debe ser realizada en los pacientes con extensión carcinomatosa más alla de m. La pancreatoduodenectomía está indicada en los pacientes con metástasis ganglionares de la región posterior a la cabeza del páncreas y con invasión del duodeno. Cuando el tumor invade directamente el hígado, se recomienda una resección hepática mayor. La lobectomía hepática derecha ampliada con pancreatoduodenectomía debe ser reservada sólo para los pacientes con carcinoma avanzado y edades menores de 70 años que se hallen en buen estado nutricional, teniendo en cuenta la inherente alta morbilidad y mortalidad postoperatorias.

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Ogura, Y., Mizumoto, R., Isaji, S. et al. Radical operations for carcinoma of the gallbladder: Present status in Japan. World J. Surg. 15, 337–343 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01658725

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