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False-negative errors in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of dominant thyroid nodules: A prospective follow-up study

  • International Association of Endocrine Surgeons—Manuscripts Presented at the 31st Congress of the International Society of Surgery
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Abstract

Reluctance to adopt fine-needle aspiration (F-NA) of dominant thyroid nodules stems largely from fear of overlooking a malignancy in a nodule diagnosed as benign on FNA (false-negative error). Published error rates have been derived from surgical series without regard to the outcome of those who were followed without operation. In order to ascertain the overall false-negative error rate, we conducted a prospective study in 600 patients who underwent FNA. Among the 482 study patients who had a benign FNA diagnosis or inadequate specimens, 117 underwent surgery because of the concurrent large-needle biopsy result or a clinical suspicion of malignancy. Eight false-negative errors were identified in this group, 5 of which were detected by large-needle biopsy. Among the remaining 365 patients who were followed for an average of 2 1/2 years, 2 patients were found to have well-differentiated carcinomas in recurrent cysts. The overall false-negative error rate of FNA alone in all 482 patients was 2.1%. This was reduced to 1.0% by the use of concurrent large-needle biopsy. Properly applied, FNA can reduce unnecessary surgery among patients with clinically benign nodules without incurring an unacceptably high false-negative error rate. Furthermore, this error rate may be reduced substantially by combining large-needle biopsy with FNA and by close follow-up with surgery performed later in patients who manifest clinical features suggestive of malignancy.

Résumé

La prévention qui règne contre l'emploi de la biopsie aspiration à l'aiguille fine pour déterminer la nature des nodules thyroïdiens provient de la crainte de méconnaitre la malignité d'un noyau considéré comme bénin. Pour déterminer le taux total des faux négatifs les auteurs ont procédé à une étude prospective de 600 malades qui ont été soumis à la biopsie aspiration. Parmi les 482 sujets qui présentèrent un diagnostic de bénignité selon les données de la biopsie à l'aiguille fine ou des spécimens inadéquats, 117 furent opérés en raison du résultat de la biopsie à la grosse aiguille ou de facteurs cliniques de malignité. Huit faux-négatifs ont été relevés dans ce groupe, dont 5 furent corrigés par la biopsie à l'aiguille classique. Parmi les autres 365 sujets qui furent suivis en moyenne 2.5 ans, 2 présentèrent un cancer thyroïdien bien différencié au niveau de kystes récidivants. Au total le taux des faux-négatifs dûs à la biopsie à l'aiguille fine n'atteint que 2.1% pour une série de 482 malades et ce taux s'est trouvé réduit à 1% par l'emploi de la biopsie classique à la grosse aiguille. Employée correctement la biopsie à l'aiguille fine peut éviter la chirurgie inutile parmi les sujets porteurs d'un nodule cliniquement bénin et ceci sans courir le risque d'un taux élevé et inacceptable de faux négatifs. Plus encore ce taux peut être nettement réduit en associant la biopsie classique à la biopsie à l'aiguille fine et en suivant cliniquement avec attention les porteurs de nodules pour les opérer s'ils présentent des faits cliniques suggérant la malignité.

Resumen

El rechazo a la adopción de la aspiración con aguja fina (AAF) de nódulos tiroideos dominantes se origina principalmente en el riesgo de que pase desapercibida una neoplasia maligna en un nódulo que haya sido diagnosticado como benigno en AAF (error falso-negativo). Las tasas de error publicadas se derivan de series quirúrgicas que no tienen en consideración el resultado final en aquellos pacientes que han sido sometidos a seguimiento sin operación. Con el objeto de establecer la tasa global de resultados falsos-negativos, nos propusimos realizar un estudio prospectivo en 600 pacientes sometidos a AAF. Entre los 482 pacientes del presente estudio que presentaron diagnóstico de lesión benigna a la AAF o en quienes el espécimen fue inadecuado, 117 fueron sometidos a operación debido a diagnóstico concurrente con aguja gruesca o a sospecha clínica de malignidad. Se identificaron 8 falsos-negativos en este grupo, 5 de los cuales fueron detectados mediante biopsia con aguja gruesa. En cuanto a los restantes 365 pacientes que fueron seguidos por un promedio de 2 1/2 años, en 2 pacientes se hallaron carcinomas bien diferenciados en quistes recurrentes. La tasa global de error falsonegativo en la AAF sola fue de 2.1% para el total de 482 pacientes. Esta se redujo a 1.0% mediante el uso de la biopsia concurrente con aguja gruesa. Cuando es debidamente aplicada, la AAF reduce la cirugía innecesaria en pacientes con nódulos clínicamente benignos sin incurrir en una tasa inaceptablemente elevada de resultados falsosnegativos. Además, tal tasa de error puede ser sustancialmente reducida al combinar la biopsia con aguja gruesa con la AAF y mediante cuidadoso seguimiento y la realización de intervención quirúrgica ulterior en aquellos pacientes que exhiban características clínicas sugestivas de malignidad.

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Supported by grants from the University Research Grants Committee, the Medical Faculty Research Grant Fund, and the Pauline Chan Medical Research Fund of the University of Hong Kong.

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Boey, J., Hsu, C. & Collins, R.J. False-negative errors in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of dominant thyroid nodules: A prospective follow-up study. World J. Surg. 10, 623–629 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655540

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