Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Exogenous growth hormone: Effects on the catabolic response to surgically produced acute stress and on postoperative immune function

  • Original Scientific Reports
  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The first purpose of the present prospective randomized study was to determine if the protein catabolic response after operation could be restrained by administration of hypocaloric parenteral nutrition (HPN) plus human growth hormone (hGH). Our second aim was to determine if the administration of hGH could improve the systemic host defenses, thereby reducing the risk of infection. We performed a placebo-controlled randomized double-blind trial in 180 patients after elective cholecystectomy with or without choledochoduodenostomy (placebo=control group,n=93; hGH-treated group,n=87). The results obtained in this study show that positive nitrogen balance can be achieved during the postoperative period from the first 24 hours onward, with a combination of HPN support (1.0–1.5 g protein/kg/day and 900 kcal/day) together with the administration of small doses (8 IU) of hGH. The potassium balance tended to follow the same positive balance as the nitrogen balance. Our study shows that in the control group, treated only with HPN, a significant decrease in serum levels of some acute-phase proteins (retinol-binding protein, transferrin, prealbumin), albumin, total proteins, and immunoglobulins occurs by the 5th postoperative day. In the GH group the values of all the above-mentioned proteins do not change or tend to rise if compared to preoperative levels. In the GH-treated group liver function appeared to improve at the start of the study. GH and somatomedin C levels were similar in the two groups and had not changed significantly in the control group by the 5th postoperative day. In the GH-treated group a significant increase in serum levels of GH and somatomedin C on postoperative day 5 was observed. Glucose levels in the control group were unaltered, but in the GH-treated group a clear increase in glucose concentration was observed. On the other hand, insulin values on postoperative day 5 in the GH group rose to almost twice those of the control group. After operation the number of normoergic patients in the control group fell from 56 to 40; in the GH-treated group the opposite was the case: the number of normoergic patients increased from 59 to 81. The number of anergic patients remained constant (n=11) in the control group and disappeared in the GH-treated group. Wound infection was found in 16 patients (17.2%) of the control group but in only 3 (3.4%) of the GH-treated group. Hospitalization averaged 12.5 ±7.1 days in the control group versus 9.6 ±3.6 days in the GH-treated group (p < 0.05). With moderate surgical injury (cholecystectomy with or without choledochoduodenostomy) hGH can optimize utilization of adjuvant HPN and overcome the protein catabolic effects of the trauma response. As a result, body cell mass is preserved, wound healing is promoted, and immunologic function is enhanced.

Résumé

Le premier but de cette étude prospective et randomisée a été de déterminer si la réponse catabolique post-opératoire pouvait être influencée par l'alimentation parentérale hypocalorique (APH) combinée à l'administration d'hormone de croissance (HC). Le deuxième but a été de voir si l'administration d'HC pouvait réduire le risque d'infection. Nous avons donc réalisé un essai randomisé en double aveugle, contrôlé (contre un placebo) chez 180 patients ayant eu une cholécystectomie à froid, associée ou non à une anastomose cholédochoduodénale (placébo: n=93; HC: n=87). Les résultats montrent qu'un bilan positif peut être obtenu dans les 24 premières heures postopératoires en combinant une APH (1–1.5 gr/protéines/kg/j et 900 Kcal/j) à 8 UI d'HC. Le bilan potassique allait dans le même sens que le bilan azoté. Notre étude a montré que dans le groupe de contrôle, n'ayant reçu que l'APH, on a constaté, au 5ème jour, une baisse significative des protéines dites de la phase aigüe (RPB, transferrine, préalbumine), de l'albumine, des protéines totales, et des immunoglobulines. Dans le groupe HC, les valeurs des protéines mentionnées ci-dessus n'avaient pas changé ou avaient une tendance à augmenter légèrement par rapport aux valeurs préopératoires. Dans le groupe HC, la fonction hépatique s'améliorait au début de l'étude. Les taux d'HC et de la somatomédine-C étaient similaires dans les deux groupes et n'ont pas changé par rapport au groupe témoin au 5ème jour. Dans le groupe HC, les taux d'HC et de la somatomédine-C étaient augmentés au 5ème jour. Les taux de glucose dans le groupe témoin n'avaient pas changé alors que ce taux était très augmenté dans le groupe HC. Les valeurs d'insuline du groupe HC étaient deux fois celles du groupe témoin au 5ème jour après l'intervention. Le nombre de patients normoergiques dans le groupe contrôle chutait de 56 à 40. Dans le groupe HC, c'était le contraire, augmentait de 59 à 81. Le nombre de patients anergiques restait par contre constant (n=11) dans le groupe contrôle et devenait nul dans le groupe HC. Le taux d'infection de plaie était de 16/93=17.2% dans le groupe contrôle mais seulement de 3/87=3.4% dans le groupe HC. La durée moyenne d'hospitalisation était de 12.5 ±7.1 jours dans le groupe contrôle comparé à 9.6 ±3.6 jours dans le groupe HC (p < 0.05). En conclusion, lorsqu'il s'agit d'un geste chirurgical peu important (cholécystectomie avec ou sans geste sur la voie biliaire principale), l'administration de l'HC peut optimiser l'utilisation de l'APH et diminuer les effets cataboliques de l'agression chirurgicale. Le résultat est une conservation de la masse cellulaire, une amélioration de la cicatrisation et de la fonction immunologique.

Resumen

El presente estudio prospectivo y randomizado tiene dos objetivos: determinar si el catabolismo proteico postoperatorio puede minimizarse mediante la administración conjunta de nutrición parenteral hipocalórica (NPH) y hormona del crecimiento (hGH), y evaluar sí la hGH es capaz de mejorar el estado inmunológico de los pacientes, reduciendo las infecciones postoperatorias.

El ensayo se realizó en 180 pacientes que sufrieron una colecistectomía electiva con o sin coledocoduodenostomía. Grupo Control=placebo (n=93) tratado con NPH (1 –1′5 gr/proteinas/Kg/día y 900 Kcal/día) y Grupo GH, tratado con NPH más — 8 IU de hGH inyectadas subcutaneamente.

Los resultados demuestran que en el grupo GH se positiviza el balance nitrogenado en las primeras 24 horas del postoperatorio. Al 5° día de la intervención las proteinas de fase aguda así como las Inmunoglobulinas no se modifican o tienden a ascender con respecto a los valores preoperatorios, mientras que en el grupo control descienden significativamente.

En el grupo control el número de pacientes normoérgicos se redujo después de la operación, mientras que en el grupo GH aumentó de 59 a 81. En el grupo GH el número de infecciones de la herida postoperatoria fue de 3′4% “versus” un 17′2% observado en el grupo control.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Border, J.R., Bone, L.B., Steinberg, S.M., Rodriguez, J.L., Hassett, J.M., Leutenegger, A.F.: Metabolic response to trauma and sepsis. In Blunt Multiple Trauma, Boeder, Allgöwer, Hansen, Rüedi, editors. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1990, pp. 191–192

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lalonde, C., Demling, R.H., Pecquet Goad, M.E.: Tissue inflammation without bacteria produces increased oxygen consumption and distant organ lipid peroxidation. Surgery104:49, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  3. Redmond, H.P., Chavin, K.D., Bromberg, J.S., Daly, J.M.: Inhibition of macrophage-activating cytokines is beneficial in the acute septic response. Ann. Surg.214:502, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  4. Border, J.R., Bone, L.B., Steinberg, S.M., Rodriguez, J.L., Hassett, J.M., Leutenegger, A.F.: Metabolic response to trauma and sepsis. In: Blunt Multiple Trauma, Border, Allgöwer, Hansen, Rüedie, M. Dekker, editors. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1990, pp. 192, 208, 209

    Google Scholar 

  5. Border, J.: Sepsis, multiple systems organ failure, and the macrophage—a hypothesis [editorial]. Arch. Surg.123:285, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  6. Aulick, L., Wilmore, D.: Increased peripheral aminoacid release following surgery. Surgery85:560, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fry, D.E., Klamer, T.W., Farrison, R.N., Polk, H.C.: Atypical clostridial bacteremia. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.153:28, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  8. Border, J., Hasset, J., LaDuca, J., et al.: The gut origin septic states in blunt trauma (ISS=40) in the I.C.U. Ann. Surg.206:427, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  9. Marshall, J., Christon, N., Meakins, J.: Small-bowel bacterial overgrowth and systemic immunosuppression in experimental peritonitis. Surgery101:404, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  10. Barbul, A., Fishel, R., Shimazu, S., Damewood, R., Wasserkrug, H., Efron, G.: Inhibition of host immunity by fluid and mononuclear cells from healing wounds. Surgery96:315, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fishman, H., Pietra, G.: Handling of bioactive materials by the lung. N. Engl. J. Med.291:884, 953, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  12. Shaw, J.H.F., Wildore, M., Wolfe, R.R.: Whole body protein kinetics in severely septic patients. Ann. Surg.205:288, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  13. Douglas, R.G., Shaw, J.H.F.: Metabolic response to sepsis and trauma. Br. J. Surg.76:115, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wilmore, D.W., Moylan, J.A., Bristow, B.F., Mason, A.D., Printt, B.A.: Anabolic effects of human growth hormone and high caloric feedings following thermal injury. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.139:875, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  15. Phillips, L.S.: Nutrition, somatomedins and the brain. Metabolism35:78, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vara-Thorbeck, R., Guerrero, J.A., Ruiz-Requena, M.E., et al.: Effects of growth-hormone in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition following major gastrointestinal surgery. Hepatogastroenterology39:270, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  17. Guerrero, J.A., Capitán, J.M., Rosell, J., et al.: Efectos de la hormona de crecimiento y la nutrición parenteral sobre la fase catabólica tras cirugía mayor. Rev. Esp. Enf. Dig.81:379, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  18. Sheldon, G.F., Peterson, S.R., Sanders, R.: Hepatic dysfunction during hyperalimentation. Arch. Surg.113:504, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  19. Ziegler, T.R., Young, L.S., Manson, J.McK., Wilmore, D.W.: Metabolic effects of recombinant human growth hormone in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Ann. Surg.208:6, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  20. Rudman, D., Kutner, M.H., Rogers, C.M., Lubin, M.F., Fleming, G.A., Bain, R.P.: Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult population: relation to age and adiposity. J. Clin. Invest.67:1361, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jeevanandam, M., Ramias, L., Shamos, F., Schiller, W.: Decreased growth hormone levels in the catabolic phase of severe injury. Surgery111:495, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  22. Rudman, D., Feller, A.G., Nagraf, H.S.: Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N. Engl. J. Med.323:1, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  23. Beck, P., Koumans, J.H.T., Winterling, C.A., Stein, M.F., Daughaday, W.H.: Studies of insulin and growth hormone secretion in human obesity. J. Lab. Clin. Med.64:645, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  24. Manson, J.McK., Wilmore, D.W.: Positive nitrogen balance with human growth hormone and hypocaloric intravenous feeding. Surgery100:188, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ward, H.C., Halliday, D., Sim, A.J.W.: Protein and energy metabolism with biosynthetic human growth hormone after gastrointestinal surgery. Ann. Surg.206:56, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ponting, G.A., Halliday, D., Teale, J.D., Sim, A.J.W.: Postoperative nitrogen balance with intravenous hyponutrition and growth hormone. Lancet1:438, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  27. Jiang, Z., Hc, G.-Z., Zhang, S.-Y., et al.: Low-dose growth hormone and hypocaloric nutrition attenuate the protein-catabolic response after major operation. Ann. Surg.210:513, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ziegler, T.R., Young, L.S., Manson, J.McK., Wilmore, D.W.: Metabolic effects of recombinant human growth-hormone in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. Ann. Surg.208:6, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chwals, W.J., Bistrian, B.R.: Role of exogenous growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I in malnutrition and acute metabolic stress: a hypothesis. Crit. Care Med.19:1317, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ross, R.J., Miell, J.P.: Avoiding autocannibalism. B.M.J.303: 1147, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  31. Gore, D.C., Honeycutt, D., Jahoor, F., Rutan, T., Wolfe, R.R., Herndon, D.N.: Effect of exogenous growth hormone on glucose utilization in burn patients. J. Surg. Res.51:518, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  32. Saito, H., Taniwaka, K., Hiramutu, T., Morioka, Y.: Growth hormone treatment enhances immune function in surgically stressed rats. J. Parent. Ent. Nutr.14(Suppl.):10, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  33. Dahn, M.S., Mitchell, R.A., Smith, S., Lange, M.P., Whitcomb, M.P., Kirkpatrick, K.R.: Altered immunologic function and nitrogen metabolism associated with depression of plasma growth hormone. J. Parent. Ent. Nutr.8:490, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  34. Gebhardt, F., Marzinzig, M., Vogel, P., Lenz, J., Brückner, U.B., Hartel, W.: Pathobiochemie und Immunologie der direkten Lungengewebsverletzung. Langenbecks Arch. Chir. (Suppl. Chir. Forum):321, 1992

  35. Meakins, J.L., Pietsch, J.B., Christou, N.U., Maclean, U.D.: Predicting surgical infection before the operation. World J. Surg.4:439, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cainzos, M., Bustamante, M., Potel, J.: Variación del score de la respuesta de hipersensibilidad retardada en sujetos con 70 o más años de edad. Cir. Esp.50:22, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  37. Herndon, D.N., Banow, R.E., Kunkel, K.R., Broemeling, L., Rutan, R.L.: Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on donor site healing in severely burnt children. Ann. Surg.212:424, 1990

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vara-Thorbeck, R., Guerrero, J.A., Rosell, J. et al. Exogenous growth hormone: Effects on the catabolic response to surgically produced acute stress and on postoperative immune function. World J. Surg. 17, 530–537 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655116

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01655116

Keywords

Navigation