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Localization procedures in patients requiring reoperation for hyperparathyroidism

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Abstract

Numerous techniques have been described for the preoperative localization of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. During the past 2 years, 18 patients have had operations for persistent (14) or recurrent (4) hyperparathyroidism. One or more hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands were identified at operation in all but 1 patient and all but 2 patients became normocalcemic.

Eighteen patients had ultrasonography, 17 patients had computed tomography (CT) scanning, and 13 patients had selective venous sampling (SVS) for parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay. These studies correctly identified the lesion(s) in 9 (50%), 8 (47%), and 9 (69%) of the patients, respectively. In 3 patients, probable parathyroid tumors were identified by ultrasonography and confirmed by aspiration biopsy cytology under ultrasonic guidance. All had parathyroid tumors confirmed at operation. The smallest tumor localized by ultrasonography was 0.6×0.6×0.6 cm and by CT scanning was 0.9×0.9×0.8 cm. There was 1 false-positive CT scan and 1 false-positive SVS. In the 2 patients who failed to become normocalcemic no localization study was positive. One of these patients subsequently had a 0.6×0.6×0.5 cm mediastinal adenoma localized by CT scan, nuclear magnetic resonance, and SVS. The tumor was removed via median sternotomy and the patient is now normocalcemic.

Digital angiography has recently been helpful for “mapping out” the venous pattern for venous sampling for PTH. Ultrasonography and CT scanning complemented each other, since one or the other of these studies was positive in 15 patients, yet only 2 patients had both a positive ultrasound and CT scan. When any 2 localizing tests suggested the same site for the parathyroid lesion, the tumor was found in all cases.

One patient developed post-pericardotomy syndrome after a medium sternotomy, but there were no other complications. Localization procedures expedite surgical treatment, decrease morbidity, and are strongly recommended in patients requiring reoperation for hyperparathyroidism.

Résumé

De nombreuses méthodes ont été décrites pour déterminer le siège des parathyroïdes hyperfonctionnelles avant l'intervention. Au cours des deux dernières années 18 malades ont été opérés pour hyperparathyroidisme persistant (14) ou récidivant (4). Une ou plusieurs glandes responsables furent découvertes chez 17 sujets et 16 présentèrent une calcémie normale après l'opération.

Dix-huit sujets furent soumis à une exploration par ultra-sons, 17 à une tomodensitométrie et 13 subirent un prélèvement sanguin veineux sélectif pour doser l'hormone parathyroïdienne, ces explorations permettant de localiser la lésion ou les lésions respectivement dans 9 (50%), 8 (47%) et 9 (69%) des cas. Chez 3 sujets la tumeur fut localisée par l'ultrasonographie et confirmée par la biopsie aspiration guidée par l'exploration aux ultra-sons. Tous les opérés présentaient une tumeur parathyroïdienne à l'intervention. La plus petite tumeur détectée par l'ultrasonographie mesurait 0,6×0,6 ×0,6 cm, celle par la tomodensitométrie 0,9×0,9 ×0,8 cm.

Au passif de la tomodensitométrie s'inscrit un faux positif, au dosage sanguin un faux positif également. Chez les deux opérés dont le taux de calcémie ne revint pas à la normale, les explorations ne permirent pas d'abord de localiser la tumeur mais chez l'un des deux patients la tomodensitométrie, la résonance nucléaire magnétique et le dosage de l'hormone parathyroïdienne dans le sang permirent ultérieurement de découvrir un adénome (0,6×0,6×0,5 cm) médiastinal qui fut extirpé avec un plein succès.

L'angiographie digitalisée s'est montrée utile pour définir la distribution du système veineux parathyroïdien et pour procéder aux prélèvements sanguins électifs.

L'ultrasonographie et la tomodensitométrie sont des méthodes complémentaires puisque l'une ou l'autre de ces méthodes s'est montrée positive chez 15 sujets cependant que couplées ces deux explorations furent positives seulement chez 2 sujets.

Quand l'une de ces deux explorations s'est montrée positive la tumeur fut toujours découverte au lieu déterminé par le test exploratoire.

L'opéré pour adénome parathyroïdien médiastinal développa un syndrome secondaire à la péricardotomie mais tous les autres opérés n'accusèrent aucune complication.

Les méthodes qui permettent de déterminer le siège des tumeurs parathyroïdiennes facilitent le traitement chirurgical et diminuent le taux de la morbidité. On peut les considérer comme indispensables, chez les malades qui doivent être ré-opérés pour hyperparathyroidisme.

Resumen

Numerosos métodos de localización preoperatoria de glándulas paratiroides hiperfuncionantes han sido descritos. En el curso de los últimos dos años se han realizado operaciones en 18 pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo persistente (14) o recurrente (4). Una o más glándulas paratiroides hiperfuncionantes fueron identificadas en el curso de la operación en todos los pacientes, con una excepción, y todos los pacientes se convirtieron en normocalcémicos.

Se realizó ultrasonografía en 18 pacientes, tomografía computadorizada (TC) en 17 y determinaciones venosas selectivas (DVS) de hormona paratiroidea (PTH) en 13; tales exámenes identificaron correctamente la lesión en 9 (50%), 8 (47%) y 9 (69%) del grupo total de pacientes, respectivamente. En tres casos se identificó la presencia de probables tumores paratiroideos por ultrasonografía y fue confirmada por medio de la citología o biopsia de aspiración bajo guía ultrasonográfica. Todos presentaban tumores paratiroideos que fueron confirmados en la operación. El más pequeño tumor localizado por ultrasonografía medía 0,6×0,6×0,6 cm, y por TC 0,9×0,9× 0,8 cm. Se presentaron un resultado falso positivo en CT y un falso positivo en DVS. En 2 pacientes en quienes no se logró la hipercalcemia, ninguno de los estudios de localización fue positivo. Uno de estos pacientes ulteriormente presentó un adenoma mediastinal de 0,6×0,6×0,5 cm, localizado por medio de TC, resonancia magnética nuclear y DVS; tal tumor fue resecado por vía de una esternotomía mediana, y el paciente se encuentra actualmente normocalcémico.

La angiografía digital ha probado recientemente ser de utilidad para delinear el patrón venosa para la DVS. La ultrasonografía y la TC aparecen como estudios complementarios, puesto que el uno o el otro de estos estudios se hallo positivo en 15 pacientes y, sin embargo, sólo dos pacientes exhibieron la ultrasonografía y la TC conjuntamente positivas. Cuando uno de los dos exámenes de localización sugirió la misma ubicación de la lesión paratiroidea, se encontró siempre la presencia de un tumor. Un paciente desarrolló el síndrome de postpericardiotomía después de la esternotomía mediana, pero no hubo otras complicaciones. Los procedimientos de localización hacen más expedito el procedimiento quirúrgico, disminuyen la morbilidad y deben ser vehementemente recomendados en pacientes que requieran reoperación por hiperparatiroidismo.

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Supported in part by the Medical Research Service of the Veterans Administration Medical Center.

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Clark, O.H., Stark, D.D., Gooding, G.A.W. et al. Localization procedures in patients requiring reoperation for hyperparathyroidism. World J. Surg. 8, 509–519 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01654926

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