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A review of the efficacy of adenine arabinoside and lymphoblastoid interferon in the royal free hospital studies of hepatitis B virus carrier treatment: Identification of factors influencing response rates

Wirksamkeit von Adenin-Arabinosid und Lymphoblasten-Interferon bei chronischem Hepatitis B-Virus-Trägertum. Übersicht über die am Royal Free Hospital durchgeführten Studien. Identifizierung von Faktoren, die die Ansprechrate beeinflussen

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Summary

We have reviewed the results of treating over 100 HBV carriers with adenine arabinoside, adenine arabinoside monophosphate and lymphoblastoid interferon. In the homosexual group of carriers, adenine arabinoside and its monophosphate have no value. However in this group, lymphoblastoid interferon will produce a response in over 50% of cases. This lack of effectiveness of adenine arabinoside monophosphate in this group may stem from its immunosuppressant properties. In heterosexual carriers both adenine arabinoside monophosphate and lymphoblastoid interferons are effective in approximately 50% to 60% of cases. However, the response rate is different in the various racial groups. Northern European and Mediterranean people appear to respond whereas those from the Far East do not. This may reflect the fact that there are at least two mechanisms by which the chronic carrier state may arise. In 5% to 10% of adults, a relative deficiency of alpha interferon production exists (37), and this defect is found in the majority of HBV carriers in Western Europe. In these, interferon acts as a replacement therapy and excellent results may be obtained if the patient is treated early in the course of the disease. It would appear that as the duration of the infection increases, the virus may integrate into interferon-reactive consensus sites and prevent the cell from responding to interferon. In patients infected at birth, transplacental anti-HBc appears to modulate the immune response and, along with immaturity of the immune system at this age, results in failure to lyse infected cells. These patients do not benefit from interferon treatment: some form of immune manipulation is required. As in the infection acquired in adult life, the presence in the hepatitis B virus genome of an interferon sensitive site, homologous to that found in the hepatocyte genome, will influence the biological response to interferon. It is now evident that there are several mechanisms underlying the chronic carrier state and that in different patients at varying stages of the infection, alternative approaches to therapy may be required.

Zusammenfassung

Die Behandlungsergebnisse mit Adenin-Arabinosid, Adenin-Arabinosid-Monophosphat und Lymphoblasten-Interferon bei mehr als 100 HBV-Trägern wurden ausgewertet. Bei der Gruppe homosexueller Carrier erwiesen sich Adenin-Arabinosid und sein Monophosphat als wirkungslos. Dagegen war in dieser Gruppe mit Lymphoblasten-Interferon eine Ansprechrate von mehr als 50% zu verzeichnen. Möglicherweise sind immunsuppressive Eigenschaften von Adenin-Arabinosid für seine fehlende Wirksamkeit bei dieser Gruppe verantwortlich. Bei heterosexuellen HBV-Trägern war sowohl Adenin-Arabinosid als auch Lymphoblasten-Interferon bei etwa 50% bis 60% der Fälle wirksam. Doch fanden sich Unterschiede in den Ansprechraten verschiedener ethnischer Gruppen. Im Gegensatz zu Patienten aus Nordeuropa und den Mittelmeerländern sprachen Patienten aus dem fernen Osten auf die Therapie nicht an. Dies könnte der Ausdruck von mindestens zwei verschiedenen Pathomechanismen für die Entstehung des chronischen Trägertums sein. Bei 5% bis 10% der Erwachsenen findet sich ein relativer Mangel an Alpha-Interferon-Produktion, und dieser Mangel läßt sich bei der Mehrzahl der HBV-Carrier aus Westeuropa nachweisen. Bei diesen Patienten stellt die Interferongabe eine Substitutionstherapie dar und erzielt ausgezeichnete Ergebnisse, wenn die Behandlung in der Frühphase der Erkrankung erfolgt. Mit zunehmender Krankheitsdauer integriert das Virus offensichtlich in Loci, die für das Ansprechen auf Interferon verantwortlich sind, und unterdrückt so die Reaktionsfähigkeit der Zelle auf Interferon. Bei Patienten, die unter der Geburt infiziert werden, scheint transplazentar übertragenes anti-HBc die Immunantwort zu modulieren; infolgedessen und wegen der Unreife des Immunsystems in diesem Alter können infizierte Zellen nicht lysiert werden. Diese Patienten haben von der Interferontherapie keinen Gewinn, bei ihnen wäre eine Form von immunologischer Manipulation erforderlich. Wie bei der im Erwachsenenalter erworbenen Infektion übt die Anwesenheit eines Interferon-sensiblen Locus im Hepatitis B-Virus-Genom, der dem im Hepatozyten-Genom gefundenen Locus homolog ist, einen Einfluß auf das biologische Ansprechen auf Interferon aus. Es ist inzwischen erwiesen, daß für die Entstehung des chronischen Trägertums mehrere verschiedene Pathomechanismen vorhanden sind und daß für verschiedene Stadien der Infektion bei verschiedenen Patienten unterschiedliche Therapieansätze nötig sein können.

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Thomas, H.C., Scully, L.J., Lever, A.M.L. et al. A review of the efficacy of adenine arabinoside and lymphoblastoid interferon in the royal free hospital studies of hepatitis B virus carrier treatment: Identification of factors influencing response rates. Infection 15 (Suppl 1), S26–S31 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01650108

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