Summary
Protein binding is an important determinant of antimicrobial activity in serum. Disease states can alter the binding of antimicrobials and thereby affect their biologic activity. Uremia is associated with a reduction in the binding of dicloxacillin, penicillin G, cefamandole and cefalothin with a resulting enhancement in antimicrobial activity as measured by agar diffusion zones of inhibition or minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The greatest change is observed with the more avidly bound dicloxacillin. Free fatty acids (FFA) decrease the binding of dicloxacillin and cefamandole, but enhance the binding of penicillin G and cefalothin. These contrasting effects of FFA on protein binding are also reflected by changes in antimicrobial activity in serum. These metabolic alterations of protein binding in disease may also affect antimicrobial activity in vivo.
Zusammenfassung
Die Proteinbindung ist ein wesentlicher Faktor der antibakteriellen Aktivität im Serum. Krankheitszustände können Einfluß auf die Bindung von Antibiotika ausüben und so auf deren biologische Aktivität einwirken. Die Urämie geht mit einer Herabsetzung der Bindung von Dicloxacillin, Penicillin G, Cefamandol und Cephalotin einher; die Folge ist eine Zunahme der antibakteriellen Aktivität, wie an den Hemmzonen im Agardiffusionstest oder durch Bestimmung der Hemm- und bakteriziden Minimalkonzentrationen zu ersehen. Am stärksten zeigt sich dies an dem besonders intensiv gebundenen Dicloxacillin. Freie Fettsäuren verringern die Bindung von Dicloxacillin und Cefamandol, erhöhen aber die Bindung von Penicillin G und Cephalotin. Diese antagnostischen Wirkungen der freien Fettsäuren auf die Proteinbindung drücken sich auch in Veränderungen der antibakteriellen Aktivität im Serum aus. Derartige metabolisch bedingte Veränderungen der Proteinbindung bei Krankheiten können auch Einfluß auf die antibakterielle Aktivität in vivo ausüben.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature
Tompsett, R., Schultz, S., McDermott, W. The relation of protein-binding to the pharmacology and antibacterial activity of penicillins X, G. dihydro F and K. J. Bacteriol. 53 (1947) 581–595.
Anton, A. The relation between the binding of sulfonamides to albumin and their antibacterial efficacy. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 134 (1961) 291–303.
Colville, J. M., Quinn, E. L. Observations concerning protein interference and pharmacodynamic behavior of nine penicillins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1961 (1962) 600–610.
Kunin, C. M. Clinical pharmacology of the new penicillins. I. The importance of serum protein binding in determining antimicrobial activity and concentration in serum. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 7 (1966) 166–179.
Joos, R. W., Hall, W. H. Determination of binding constants of serum albumin for penicillin. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 14 (1973) 90–99.
Spector, A. A., Santos, E. C., Ashbrook, J. D., Fletcher, J. F. Influence of free fatty acid concentration on drug binding to plasma albumin. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 226 (1971) 247–258.
Craig, W. A., Evenson, M. A., Sarver, K. P., Wagnild, J. P. Correction of protein binding defect in uremic sera by charcoal treatment. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 87 (1976) 637–647.
Sjoholm, I., Kober, A., Odar-Cederlof, I., Borga, O. Protein binding of drugs in uremic and normal serum. The role of endogenous binding inhibitors. Biochem. Pharmacol. 25 (1976) 1205–1213.
Laurell, S., Tibbling, G. Colorimetric microdetermination of free fatty acids in plasma. Clin. Chim. Acta 16 (1967) 57–62.
Doumas, B. T., Watson, W., Biggs, H. G. Albumin standards and the measurements of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta 31 (1971) 87–96.
Grove, D. C., Randall, W. A. Assay methods of antibiotics, p. 7. Medical Encyclopedia, Inc., New York, 1955.
Tilton, R. C., Lieberman, L., Gerlach, E. H. Microdilution antibiotic susceptibility test: examination of certain variables. Appl. Microbiol. 26 (1973) 658–665.
Stratton, C. W., Reller, L. B. Serum dilution test for bactericidal activity. I. Selection of a physiologic diluent. J. Infect. Dis. 136 (1977) 187–195.
Suh, B., Craig, W. A.: Effect of free fatty acids on the protein binding on antimicrobials. In press.
Kunin, C. M. Enhancement of antimicrobial activity of penicillins and other antibiotics in human serum by competitive serum binding inhibitors. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 117 (1964) 69–73.
Bratlid, D., Bergan, T. Displacement of albuminbound antimicrobial agents by bilirubin. Pharmacology 14 (1976) 464–472.
Peterson, L. R., Schierl, E. A., Hall, W. H. Effect of protein concentration and binding on antibiotic assays. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 7 (1975) 540–542.
Craig, W. A., Welling, P. G. Protein binding of antimicrobials: clinical pharmacokinetic and therapeutic implications. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 2 (1977) 252–268.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Craig, W.A., Suh, B. Enhancement or inhibition of antimicrobial activity in serum by metabolic alterations in disease. Infection 6 (Suppl 1), S82–S85 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01646073
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01646073