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Laboratory diagnosis and seroepidemiology of Lyme borreliosis

Diagnose und Seroepidemiologie der Lyme-Borreliose

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Summary

Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is performed by direct detection ofBorrelia burgdorferi in body fluids and tissue samples. This can be achieved by cultivation of the organisms, staining techniques, or demonstration of parts of the genome. Although the best aetiologic proof in case of positivity, these methods cannot yet serve as routine techniques: they are too time consuming and expensive. Currently, the usual method for establishing the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis is serologic testing (indirect detection). Immunofluorescence, hemagglutination, ELISA tests with whole cell antigen should be considered as screening methods. Assays with selected fractions ofB. burgdorferi antigens or tests using selected recombinant antigens should be considered as more specific. Immunoblotting (Western blotting) may be considered as a confirmatory test. However, the interpretation of test results requires an experienced investigator. Laboratory diagnosis ofB. burgdorferi infections of the central nervous systems (CNS) is the most highly developed method. Demonstration of intrathecally produced specific antibodies, and, moreover, demonstration of specific oligoclonal bands may very well prove the actual infection of the CNS and/or the nerve roots. Seroepidemiological investigations identify neurological manifestations as the most frequent ones among European cases of Lyme borreliosis. The true incidence and prevalence of Lyme borreliosis, however, cannot be determined with current diagnostic methods and must await the development of methods to identify actual infection.

Zusammenfassung

Die Laboratoriumsdiagnose der Lyme-Borreliose erfolgt direkt durch den Nachweis vonBorrelia burgdorferi in Körperflüssigkeiten und Gewebeproben. Dies kann durch Anzüchtung der Organismen, Färbetechniken oder Nachweis von Genombestandteilen erfolgen. Obwohl im positiven Fall der sicherste Beweis, können diese Methoden nicht als Routineverfahren eingesetzt werden; sie sind zu zeitaufwendig und kostspielig. Zur Zeit sind es überwiegend serologische Verfahren (indirekter Nachweis), die zur Laboratoriumsdiagnostik der Lyme-Borreliose eingesetzt werden. Immunfluoreszenz-, Hämagglutinations-, ELISA-Tests mit Ganzzell-Antigen sollten als Suchtests betrachtet werden. Testverfahren mit ausgewählten Antigenen sollten als spezifischer eingeschätzt werden. Die Immunoblot- Technik (Westernblot) kann als Bestätigungsverfahren betrachtet werden, sofern die Interpretation der Ergebnisse durch einen sehr erfahrenen Untersucher erfolgt. Die Laboratoriumsdiagnostik derB. burgdorferi- Infektionen des Zentralnervensystems ist am weitesten entwickelt. Der Nachweis von intrathekal gebildeten spezifischen Antikörpern und von spezifischen oligoklonalen Banden kann mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit als Beweis der aktuellen Infektion angesehen werden. Seroepidemiologische Untersuchungen weisen neurologische Erkrankungen der Lyme-Borreliose als die häufigsten unter den europäischen Erkrankungsfällen aus. Jedoch kann die wahre Inzidenz und Prävalenz der Lyme-Borreliose erst ermittelt werden, wenn Verfahren zum Nachweis der aktuellen Infektion verfügbar sind.

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Stanek, G. Laboratory diagnosis and seroepidemiology of Lyme borreliosis. Infection 19, 263–267 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01644964

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