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Öko-ethologische Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung von Polygamie bei Rohrsängern (Acrocephalus)

Ecological and behavioural prerequisites for the evolution of polygamy in reed warblers (Acrocephalus)

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Zusammenfassung

Vier der sechs untersuchten mitteleuropäischen Rohrsängerarten folgen in ihrem Paarungssystem dem Passeres-Schema und sind monogam bis opportunistisch polygyn. Drosselrohrsänger und Seggenrohrsänger, die die Anfangs- bzw. Endstadien von Verlandungszonen bewohnen (Abb. 1) und die größten Reviere besitzen (Tab., Abb. 2), weichen davon ab. Der Drosselrohrsänger ist fakultativ polygyn bis polygyn. Beim Seggenrohrsänger bestehen keine sozialen Beziehungen zwischen den Geschlechtern, doch tragen vermutlich die ♂ durch Kontrolle von Ressourcen (Neststandorte, Nahrungsgebiete) indirekt zur Jungenaufzucht bei. Dadurch verbinden sich im Fortpflanzungssystem vonpaludicola Merkmale von Polygynie und Promiskuität. Drossel- und Seggenrohrsänger- ♂ nehmen an der Bebrütung nicht teil. Schilfrohrsänger- ♂, die die nächstgrößten Reviere verteidigen (Tab., Abb. 2) beteiligen sich nur wenig an der Bebrütung, während die ♂ der übrigen Arten zu annähernd gleichen Teilen wie die ♀ brüten (Tab.). Bis auf den Seggenrohrsänger beteiligen sich ♂ aller Arten an der Aufzucht der Jungen. Seggenrohrsänger- ♀ ziehen die Brut allein groß. Dies ist vermutlich durch den Nahrungsreichtum (hohe Primär- und Nahrungstierproduktion in der niedrigsten Vegetation, Abb. 1) des artspezifischen Habitats möglich und dadurch, daß größere Beute in einzelnen Stücken gebracht werden kann (Tab., Abb. 3). Auch der — allerdings wesentlich größere — Drosselrohrsänger verfüttert durchschnittlich größere Futtertiere als die anderen Arten, überwiegend in Einzelstücken (Tab.). Seggen- und Drosselrohrsänger haben die relativ kräftigsten Schnäbel (Abb. 4). Durch eine geringere Fütterungsfrequenz ist beim Drosselrohrsänger die pro Zeiteinheit den Jungen verabreichte relative Beutemenge bezogen auf das Körpergewicht etwa gleich wie bei den anderen Arten. Drosselrohrsänger-♂ scheinen daher bei der Jungenfütterung nur wenig entbehrlich zu sein. Polygynie entsteht bei dieser Art, indem die ♂ die ♀ über Neststandorte und günstige Nahrungsgebiete kontrollieren. Einige Drosselrohrsänger- ♂ werden polygyn, indem sie ♀ täuschen, wobei Merkmale des artspezifischen Grenzzonen-Lebensraums und Größe der Reviere diese Strategie fördern. Für Polygynie förderlich scheinen lange Lebensdauer und Dauer der Brutperiode, ungleichmäßige Ressourcenverteilung, Nahrungsreichtum, große Mehrzweckreviere und Emanzipation der ♂ von den väterlichen Brutpflegeverpflichtungen. Die mitteleuropäischen Rohrsänger scheinen für weitere Untersuchungen der Entwicklung verschiedener Paarungssysteme geeignet. Polygynie ist bei alt- und neuweltlichen Sumpfbewohnern konvergent entstanden.

Summary

Mating systems of six closely related species (Great reed warbler —Acrocephalus arundinaceus, Reed warbler —A. scirpaceus, Marsh warbler —A. palustris, Moustached warbler —A. melanopogon, Sedge warbler —A. schoenobaenus, Aquatic warbler —A. paludicola) are compared and associated with differences in their ecology and behaviour. Four out of the six Central EuropeanAcrocephalus warblers (Reed warbler, Marsh warbler, Moustached warbler and Sedge warbler) are monogamous following the general type of mating system of altricial passeriformes (Tab.). However a few cases of opportunistic polygyny have been recorded in some species. Great reed warbler and Aquatic warbler which inhabit the initial and the final stages of the marshland succession respectively (Fig. 1) and hold the largest territories (Tab., Fig. 2) deviate from monogamy. According to the criteria suggested byFord (1983) the Great reed warbler is facultatively polygynous to polygynous (up to 27.8 %). Aquatic warbler males are persistent singers and patrol large home ranges which are often aggregated. They have no social relationships with the females but seem to contribute postzygotically to their offspring indirectly by holding high quality core areas. Therefore the Aquatic warbler's mating system combines characters of polygyny and promiscuity. Males of the two species with the largest territories (Aquatic warbler, Great reed warbler) do not incubate at all. Sedge warbler males which hold the next largest territories share only a little in incubation. There is also a negative correlation between species-specific vegetation structure and territory size (Fig. 2). Males of all species except the Aquatic warbler feed the nestlings (Tab.). Aquatic warbler females can raise their young unaided because productivity and insect abundance are high in their habitat (shortest vegetation, Fig. 1). Also large single prey (Tab., Fig. 3) allows maximum nestling provisioning per trip. Also in the larger Great reed warbler mean food size for the nestlings is higher than in the other species and prey is mainly brought in single items (Tab.). The two single prey loading species also have stronger bills (Fig. 4). Due to a lower feeding frequency the relative amount of food delivered to the young per unit time in the Great reed warbler is approximately the same as in the other species (Bussmann 1979). Therefore, male parental care is less dispensable than in the Aquatic warbler. Polygyny in the Great reed warbler evolves as some males monopolize females through resources in their higher quality territories. Some Great reed warbler males also become polygynous by deceit hiding their mated status from secondary females. Large territories and the special characteristics of the reed-water interface combine to permit this particular strategy. Factors favouring or impeding the evolution of polygyny in the differentAcrocephalus species are discussed. Longevity, prolonged breeding season, patchy distribution of resources, high food abundance, large multi-purpose territories and reduced parental care seem to favour the evolution of polygyny. The group ofAcrocephalus-warblers is particularly suitable for investigations of ancestral and derived mating systems. The convergent evolution of polygyny in marsh nesting passerines of the Old and the New World is stressed.

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Die ökologische Einnischung der mitteleuropäischen Rohrsänger (Acrocephalus, Sylviinae). II. Paarungssysteme.

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Leisler, B. Öko-ethologische Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung von Polygamie bei Rohrsängern (Acrocephalus). J Ornithol 126, 357–381 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01643402

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