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Clinical importance of intramural blood vessels in the sino-atrial segment of the conducting system of the heart

Importance clinique de la vascularisation intramurale du segment sinu-atrial du système conducteur cardiaque

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Summary

We studied the morphology and histology of intramural vessels in the sino-atrial [S-A] segment of the cardiac conducting system because of the clinical relevance of the anatomy of the micro-vascular system for those performing cardiac surgery or coronary angiography, cathetherization or arterialization. In 25 human and 25 canine hearts the vasculature was fixed by the Komahidze method, the anatomy was studied and sections were stained and studied by microscopy. Of clinical importance is a finding of considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply. The sinonodal artery is a large artery originating from the right or left coronary arteries. In some cases the coronary arterial course could not be demonstrable by coronary angiography thus increasing the risk of coronary artery surgery at the site. Cross connections also permit the extracardiac circulation to supply the nodal tissue. The S-A node has a rich intramural network of anastomosing blood vessels which is of surgical importance in the case of damage and surgical procedures. The density of the capillary network in the node is greater than that in adjacent atrial tissue. The distribution and density of the smallest anastomotic blood vessels were different in various parts of the node, the capillary net was most dense in sections from dorsal parts of the S-A node. No marked differences were found when human and canine systems were compared. Canine preparations could be used for analysis of the S-A node vascularization because of their similarity to the human heart. These findings are clinically relevant to the S-A node dysfunction that may follow cardiac surgical procedures. Surgeons should be aware that there is considerable variation in the exact anatomy of the arterial supply of the S-A node which might be important for cardiological examination and treatment (cardiac surgery, coronary angiography, etc.).

Résumé

Nous avons étudié la morphologie et l'histologie des vaisseaux intramuraux du segment sinu-atrial du système de conduction cardiaque en raison des implications cliniques importantes de l'anatomie micro-vasculaire de ce système pour les chirurgiens réalisant des interventions cardiaques, pour l'angiographie coronaire et pour les techniques de cathétérisation ou d'artérialisation. Dans 25 coeurs humains et 25 coeurs canins le système vasculaire a été fixé par la méthode de Komahidze, l'anatomie macroscopique fut étudiée, des coupes ont été réalisées et analysées au microscope. D'importance clinique particulière est l'observation des considérables variations de l'anatomie de l'apport artériel. L'artère du noeud sinu-atrial est une large artère prenant naissance des artères coronaires droites ou gauches. Dans certains cas le trajet des artères coronaires peut ne pas être démontré par l'angiographie coronaire conduisant ainsi à augmenter le risque de la chirurgie artérielle coronaire à ces différents niveaux. Des anastomoses croisées permettent également à la circulation extra-cardiaque de vasculariser le tissu nodal. Le noeud sinu-atrial possède un riche réseau intra-mural de vaisseaux anastomotiques qui a une valeur particulière en cas de lésion ou de procédure chirurgicale. La densité du réseau capillaire à hauteur du noeud est plus importante que celle des tissus atriaux adjacents. La distribution et la densité des plus petits vaisseaux anastomotiques étaient différentes selon les parties du noeud, le réseau capillaire était le plus dense sur les coupes qui avaient été préparées à partir des portions dorsales du noeud sinu-atrial. Il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans la comparaison des systèmes humains et canins. Les préparations d'origine canine pouvaient être utilisées pour l'analyse de la vascularisation du noeud sinu-atrial en raison de sa similarité avec le coeur humain. Pour les cliniciens, ces résultats ont de la valeur dans les cas de disfonctions du noeud sinu-atrial qui suivent les procédures chirurgicales cardiaques. Les chirurgiens devraient être attentifs au fait qu'il existe de considérables variations dans l'anatomie précise de l'apport artériel du noeud sinu-atrial, lesquelles peuvent être importantes en chirurgie cardiaque ou en angiographie coronaire.

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Ovčina, F., Ćemerlić, D. Clinical importance of intramural blood vessels in the sino-atrial segment of the conducting system of the heart. Surg Radiol Anat 19, 359–363 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01628501

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