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The relationship between parotid and superfical fasciae

Rapports entre aponévrose parotidienne (FP) et aponévrose superficielle (FS)

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Summary

The paper reports a study conducted on serial sections of subcutaneous neck and facial tissues taken from ten human fetuses with a craniocaudal distance of between 7 and 30 cms for the purpose of establishing the age at which various anatomical structures develop and interact. In particular, the study was aimed at investigating the relationship between the parotid and superficial fasciae. Findings, supported also by direct observations on humans, demonstrated that a parotid fascia proper does not exist. The study was also aimed at confirming or invalidating the contrasting opinions refported in recent literature. On the basis of our observations on the parotid gland, no parotid fascia as such seems to be present, but rather a superficial thickening of the connective tissue with muscle fibres which can be identified with the superficial fascia of the region and as a continuation of the platysma m., and with the septa subdividing the gland. Moreover, only a thin connective layer was detected in the deep surface of the fascia. These findings are in line with those reported by Jost [10] who, like ourselves, conducted his research on both primates and humans. The anatomical and surgical implications of these findings are considerable as they entail a redefinition of the existence of a parotid fascia. In particular, this implies abandoning the expression introduced by Mitz [12] who defines this structure as representing a “superficial muscular and aponeurotic system (SMAS)” which in fact can be considered to correspond to the superficial fascia as correctly described by Sterzi [17] and subsequently confirmed by Bertelli [2]. The surgical dissection commonly called sub-SMAS can therefore be properly defined as a mere detachment of the superficial fascia. As reported by Jost [10], during anatomical dissection full removal of the superfical fascia can only be achieved by working down to the level of the parotid gland. It is in fact sufficient to dissect the superficial fascia as far as the anterior edge of the gland and then proceed under the full thickness of the superficial fascia including the platysma m. These observations are also confirmed by comparative anatomical studies which demonstrate that all mammals except insectivores and marine mammals present a similar configuration in the relationship between the mimic muscles and the superficial fascia.

Resumé

Nous avons étudié sur des coupes en série, le tissu sous-cutané du cou et de la face chez 10 foetus humains présentant une longueur crânio-caudale comprise entre 7 et 30 cms, dans le but de déterminer à quel âge apparaissent et commencent à interagir les différentes structures anatomiques. Nous avons examiné en particulier le rapport entre le fascia parotidine (FP) et le fascia superficiel (FS). Cette étude nous a permis d'arriver à la conclusion, qu'étayent également des observations directes sur l'homme, qu'il n'existe pas à proprement parler de FP. Le but de ce travail est de soumettre à vérification les résultats formulés récemment encore par différents auteurs, dont certains sont en désaccord. En effet, selon les observations que nous avons pu faire, il n'existe pas de FP au niveau de la parotide, mais un épaississement superficiel du tissu conjonctif, avec des fibres musculaires, qui n'est autre que le FS de cette région, lequel prolonge le m. platyoma; la glande est subdivisée par des cloisons et à l'arrière l'on observe uniquement une fine couche de tissu conjonctif. Ces observations viennent s'ajouter à celles qui ont été faites par Jost [10] lequel a mené des recherches sur les primates et, comme nous, sur l'homme. Les conséquences anatomiques et chirurgicales sont d'envergure. En effet, c'est l'existence même du FP qui est remise en question. Il faudrait par conséquent abandonner l'expression de “superficial muscular and aponeurotic system (SMAS)” introduite par Mitz [12], puisqu'il ne s'agit en fait de rien d'autre que du FS, si bien décrit par Sterzi [17], puis par Bertelli [2]. La dissection chirurgicale que l'on désigne sous le nom de sub-SMAS n'est rien d'autre que le décollement du FS ; lors de la dissection anatomique, pour soulever entièrement le FS, il est nécessaire, comme l'a montré Jost [10] de partir de la surface de la parotide. Au point de vue chirurgical, il suffit de disséquer la partie antérieure de la glande puis de continuer sous toute l'épaisseur du FS comprenant le m. platyoma. L'anatomie comparée elle-aussi confirme ces observations: tous les mammiféres à l'exception des insectivores et des mammifères marins, présentent cette même disposition des muscles mimiques et du FS.

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Zigiotti, G., Liverani, M. & Ghibellini, D. The relationship between parotid and superfical fasciae. Surg Radiol Anat 13, 293–300 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01627761

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01627761

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