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Anatomic basis of lymphatic spread of lung carcinoma to the mediastinum: anatomo-clinical correlations

Bases anatomiques de l'extension lymphatique des cancers du poumon au médiastin : confrontation anatomoclinique

  • Anatomic Bases Of Medical, Radiological And Surgical Techniques
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Summary

Correlation of the anatomic and surgical features in 360 cadavers and in 260 patients operated for bronchial carcinoma reveals that the lymphatics of the lung reach the ipsilateral mediastinum, sometimes directly and sometimes by sites which do not correspond to the anatomic site of the injection or of the pulmonary lesion. This implies the need for systematic eradication of all the lymph nodes of the ipsilateral mediastinum during surgery for bronchial carcinoma. In cases of tumoral lesions (N2), the prognosis is better when only one site is involved, whether the nodal disease is microscopic, uni- or multiglandular, with or without rupture of the capsule and whatever treatment is carried out, even when resection seems macroscopically complete to the surgeon. This is explicable in the light of the anatomic study, which shows that the lymph node chain is a functional entity which channels the lymph into the systemic circulation, either at the venous confluence of the neck or into the thoracic duct in the mediastinum. When only a single chain is affected, there is a greater than 70% chance that systemic metastases are already present, 90% when N2 affects 2 chains, while in N3 cases (lymph passage to contralateral chains) the incidence reaches virtually 100%. However, macroscopically satisfactory excision allows management of the local problem, and involvement of the mediastinal nodes, even with capsular rupture, cannot be considered as a contraindication in the absence of clinically detectable systemic metastases.

Résumé

La confrontation anatomochirurgicale de 360 cadavres et de 260 patients opérés de cancers bronchiques permet de constater que les lymphatiques du poumon rejoignent le médiastin homolatéral parfois directement et parfois par des sites qui ne correspondent pas au niveau anatomique de l'injection ou du cancer pulmonaire : ceci implique la nécessité de faire des curages systématiques de l'ensemble des lymphonoeuds du médiastin homolatéral lors de la chirurgie du cancer bronchique. En cas d'atteinte tumorale (N2), le pronostic est d'autant meilleur qu'un seul site est atteint, que l'atteinte nodale soit microscopique, uni ou plurinodale, avec ou sans rupture de la capsule et quel que soit le traitement réalisé, du moment que la résection semble macroscopiquement complète au chirurgien. Ceci s'éclaire à la lumière de l'étude anatomique qui montre que la chaine lymphonodale est une unité fonctionnelle qui déverse la lymphe dans la grande circulation soit au niveau des conflluents veineux du cou, soit dans le conduit thoracique au médiastin. En cas d'atteinte isolée d'une chaine, il y a plus de 70 % de chance pour que des métastases systémiques soient déjà présentes, 90 % quand N2 touche deux chaines et en cas de N3 (passage de la lymphe à des chaines controlatérales), cette fréquence atteint pratiquement 100 %. Mais, l'exérèse macroscopiquement satisfaisante permet de régler le problème local et l'atteinte des noeuds du médiastin, même avec rupture capsulaire ne peut pas être considére comme une contre-indication en l'absence de métastases systémiques cliniquement décelables.

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Riquet, M., Manac'h, D., Dupont, P. et al. Anatomic basis of lymphatic spread of lung carcinoma to the mediastinum: anatomo-clinical correlations. Surg Radiol Anat 16, 229–238 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01627676

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