Skip to main content
Log in

Beyond biology: The social context of prenatal behaviour and birth outcomes

Jenseits der Biologie: Pränatales Verhalten im sozialen Kontext und die Einflüsse auf Problemgeburten

Au delà de la biologie: Le contexte social du comportment prénatal et les résultats à la naissance

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Sozial- und Präventivmedizin

Summary

Objectives

In this study we examine the factors that are associated with adverse birth outcomes using a representative national sample. In our analysis we take into account factors which are related to the mother's behaviour during pregnancy and also consider the socio-economic circumstances of the family.

Methods

A series of logistic regression models are used to determine the increased risks of low birth weight, preterm, and small for gestational age births associated with maternal smoking, alcohol consumption and high blood pressure in relation to socio-economic factors, such as family dysfunction, social support, income adequacy, age, and education.

Results

All socio-economic factors showed gradients of maternal smoking during pregnancy while only mother's education and socio-economic status demonstrated gradients of alcohol use and high blood pressure. Maternal smoking, high blood pressure, higher levels of family dysfunction, and lower levels of mother's education were found to significantly increase the risk of an adverse birth outcome.

Conclusions

Interventions designed to mitigate the hazards of adverse birth outcomes should be designed to reflect the gradients of risky prenatal maternal behaviours associated with age, education, income, and family dysfunction.

Zusammenfassung

Fragestellung

In dieser Studie untersuchen wir anhand eines repräsentativen Datensatzes die Faktoren, die mit Risikogeburten (Frühgeburten, geringes Gewicht oder Unterentwicklung bei Geburt) assoziiert sind.

Methoden

In unserer Untersuchung berücksichtigen wir Faktoren, die mit dem Verhalten der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft und mit den sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Umständen der Familie in Verbindung stehen. Wir verwenden logistische Regressionsmodelle, um das erhöhte Risiko von geringem Geburtsgewicht, Frühgeburten und verminderter Fruchtentwicklung, das mit Nikotin- und Alkoholkonsum sowie hohem Blutdruck während der Schwangerschaft verbunden ist, mit sozio-ökonomischen Faktoren, wie Zerrüttungen in der Familie, sozialer Unterstützung, Einkommen, Alter und Ausbildung, zu bestimmen.

Ergebnisse

Während alle sozio-ökonomischen Variablen das Rauchen der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft erklären, finden wir für den Alkoholkonsum und hohen Blutdruck nur Unterschiede in Bezug auf Ausbildung und sozio-ökonomischen Status. Rauchen während der Schwangerschaft, hoher Blutdruck und niedrigerer Ausbildungsstand der Mutter sowie ein höherer Grad von Familienzerrüttung zeigen einen signifikanten Anstieg des Risikos einer Problemgeburt.

Schlussfolgerungen

Interventionen, die das Risiko von Problemgeburten zu mindern versuchen, soliten die unterschiedlichen Einflüsse, die mit Alter, Ausbildung, Einkommen, Familienstand und riskantem Verhalten der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft assoziiert sind, berücksichtigen.

Résumé

Objectifs

Dans cette étude, nous examinons les facteurs qui sont associés avec les résultats negatifs pour les naissances, en utilisant un échantillon national et représentatif.

Méthodes

Dans l'analyse, nous prenons en compte des facteurs qui sont liés avec le comportement de la mère pendant la grossesse, et aussi nous considérons les circonstances socio-économiques de la famille. Une série de modèles de régression logistique est exploitée pour déterminer les risques accrus de petits poids de naissance, naissance prématurée, et petite taille par rapport à l'âge gestationnel, qui sont associés avec le tabagisme maternel, la consommation d'alcool et la tension artérielle élevée, vis-à-vis des facteurs socio-économiques comme le dysfonctionnement familial, le soutien social, l'adéquation des revenus, l'âge et l'éducation.

Résultats

Tous les facteurs socio-économiques indiquent des courbes linéaires avec le tabagisme maternel pendant la grossesse, mais seulement l'éducation de la mère et le status socio-économique montrent des courbes linéaires avec la consommation de l'alcool et la tension artérielle élevée. On a trouvé que le tabagisme maternel, la tension artérielle élevée, le dysfonctionnement familiale élevé et le niveau bas d'éducation de la mère augmentent le risque d'un résultat negatif à la naissance.

Conclusions

Les interventions prévues pour réduire le risque des résultats négatifs à la naissance doivent tenir compte des relations entre des comportements maternels dangereux avant la naissance, ainsi que l'âge, l'éducation, le revenu, et le dysfonctionnement familial.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Link B, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav 1995; Extra Issue: 95–114.

  2. Cohen SE, Beckwith L, Parmalee AH, Sigman M. Prediction of low and normal school achievement in early adolescents born preterm. J Early Adolesc 1996;16: 46–70.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Speechley KN, Avison WR. Admission to a neonatal intensive care unit as a predictor of long-tern health. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995;16: 397–405.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Cohen SE. Biosocial factors in early infancy as predictors of competence in adolescents who were born prematurely. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1995;16: 36–41.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Crnic KA, Ragozin AS, Greenberg MT, Robinson NM, Basham RB. Social interaction and development competence of preterm and full-term infants during the first year of life. Child Dev 1983;54: 1199–210.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gennaro S. Preterm low-birthweight infants: Health and family outcomes. Fam Community Health 1995;17: 12–21.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Brandt P, Magyory D, Mammond M, Barnard K. Learning and behavioural-emotional problems of children born preterm at second grade. J Pediatr Psychol 1992;17: 291–311.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fewell RR, Casal SG, Glick MP, Wheeden CA, Spiker D. Maternal education and maternal responsiveness as predictors of play competence in low birth weight, premature infants: a preliminary report. J Dev Behav Pediatr 1996;17: 100–4.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Plunkett JW, Meisels SJ. Socioemotional adaptation of preterm infants at three years. Infant Mental Health J 1989;10: 117–31.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Tappin DM, Ford RPK, Schluter PJ. Smoking during pregnancy measured by population continine testing. N Z Med J 1997;110: 311–4.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wright SP, Mitchell EA, Thompson JMD, Clements MS, Ford RPK, Stewart AW. Risk factors for preterm birth: a New Zealand study. N Z Med J 1998;111: 14–6.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Macdorman MF, Cnattingiuo S, Hoffman HJ, Kramer MS, Haglund B. Sudden infant death syndrome and smoking in the United States and Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146: 249–57.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Schellscheidt J, Oyen N, Jorch G. Interactions between maternal smoking and other prenatal risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr 1997;86: 857–63.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Frydman M. The smoking addiction of pregnant women and the consequences on their offspring's intellectual development. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 1996;15: 169–72.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Orlebeke JF, Knol DL, Verhulst FC. Increase in child behaviour problems resulting from maternal smoking during pregnancy. Arch Environ Health 1997;52: 317–21.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Stewart PJ, Potter J, Dulberg C, Niday P, Nimrod C, Tawagie G. Change in smoking prevalence among pregnant women 1983-93. Can J Public Health 1995;86: 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Stewart DE, Streiner DL. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40: 603–7.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Tough S, Svenson L, Schopflocher D. Maternal risk factors and infant outcome. Edmonton: Health Surveillance, Alberta Health, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Olson HC, Streissguth AP, Sampson PD, Barr HM, Bookstein FL, Thiede K. Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with behavioural and learning problems in early adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36: 1187–94.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Churchill D, Perry IJ, Beevers DG. Ambulatory blood pressure in pregnancy and fetal growth. Lancet 1997;349: 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  21. National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth: users handbook and microdata guide. Cycle 1, Release 2. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada and Statistics Canada, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Statistics Canada, Health Statistics Division. Births 1992. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sauve RS, Robertson C, Etches P, Bynne PJ, Dayer-Zamora V. Before viability: a geographically based outcome study of infants weighing 500 grams or less at birth. Pediatrics 1998;101: 438–45.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Arbuckle TE, Wilkins R, Sherman GJ. Birth weight percentiles by gestational age in Canada. Obstet Gynecol 1993;81: 39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Ford RP, Tappin DM, Schluter PJ, Wild CJ. Smoking during pregnancy: how reliable are maternal self reports in New Zealand. J Epidemiol Community Health 1997;51: 246–51.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Miller IW, Bishop DS, Epstein NB, Keitner GI. The McMaster family assessment device: reliability and validity. J Marital Fam Ther 1985;11: 345–56.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mancini JA, Blieszner R. Social provision in adulthood: concept and measurement in close relationships. J Gerontol 1992;47: 14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Statistics Canada. Income distributions by size in Canada. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dodds L. Prevalence of smoking among pregnant women in Nova Scotia from 1988–1992. Can Med Assoc J 1995;152: 185–90.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schnall PL, Pieper C, Schwartz JE, et al. The relationship between ‘job strain’, workplace diastolic blood pressure, and left ventricular mass index. JAMA 1990;263: 1929–35.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Bidlack WR. Interrelationships of food, nutrition, diet and health: The National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges White Paper. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15: 422–33.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Spiker D, Ferguson J, Brooks-Gunn J. Enhancing maternal interactive behaviour and child social competence in low birth weight, premature infants. Child Dev 1993;64: 754–68.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to David J. Pevalin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pevalin, D.J., Wade, T.J., Brannigan, A. et al. Beyond biology: The social context of prenatal behaviour and birth outcomes. Soz Präventivmed 46, 233–239 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01593178

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01593178

Keywords

Navigation