Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The physiology of the “shock” therapies

  • Published:
The Psychiatric Quarterly Aims and scope Submit manuscript

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hoagland, H., Rubin, M. A., and Cameron, D. E.: The electroencephalogram of schizophrenics during insulin hypoglycemia and recovery. Am. J. Physiol., 120:559–570, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Himwich, H. E., Hadidian, Z., Fazekas, J. F., and Hoagland, H.: Cerebral metabolism and electrical activity during insulin hypoglycemia in man. Am. J. Physiol., 125:578–585, 1939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Rose, J. A., Tainton-Pottberg, A., and Anderson, D. D.: Effects of insulin shock on behavior and conditioned reflex action in the well trained shepp. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N. Y., 38:653–655, 1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Gellhorn, E., and Minatoya, H.: The effect of insulin hypoglycemia on conditioned reflexes. J. Neurophysiol., 6:161–172, 1943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Himwich, H. E.: A review of hypoglycemia, its physiology and pathology, symptomatology and treatment. Am. J. Dig. Dis., 11:1–8, 1944.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Harris, M. M., Blalock, J. R., and Horwitz, W. A.: Metabolic studies during insulin hypoglycemia therapy of the psychoses. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 40:116–124, 1938.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Katzenelbogen, S.: A critical appraisal of the “shock therapies” in the major psychoses. II. Insulin. Psychiatry, 3:211–228, 1940.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Himwich, H. E., and Nahum, L. H.: The respiratory quotient of the brain. Am. J. Physiol., 101:446–453, 1932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Himwich, H. E., Bowman, K. M., Daly, C., Fazekas, J. F., Wortis, J., and Goldfarb, W.: Cerebral blood flow and brain metabolism during insulin hypoglycemia. Am. J. Physiol., 132:640–647, 1941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Himwich, H. E., and Fazekas, J. F.: Comparative studies of the metabolism of the brain of infant and adult dogs. Am. J. Physiol., 132:454–459, 1941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Himwich, H. E., Frostig, J. P., Fazekas, J. F., and Hadidian, Z.: The mechanism of the symptoms of insulin hypoglycemia. Am. J. Psychiat., 96:371–385, 1939.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Angyal, L. v.: Über die motorischen und tonischen Erscheinungen des Insulinshocks. Ztschr. f. d. ges. Neurol. u. Psychiat., 157:35–80, 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Frostig, J. P.: Clinical observations in the insulin treatment of schizophrenia. I. The symptomatology and therapeutic factors of the insulin effect. Am. J. Psychiat., 96:1167–1190, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jackson, J. H.: The Croonian lectures on evolution and dissolution of the nervous system. Brit M. J., 1:591–593, 660–663, 703–707, 1884.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Dow, R. S.: The evolution and anatomy of the cerebellum. Biol. Rev., 17:179–220, 1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. White, W. H.: The effect upon the bodily temperature of lesions of the corpus striatum and optic thalamus. J. Physiol., 11:1–24, 1890.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Bartley, S. H., and Heinbecker, P.: Effect of insulin on nerve activity. Am. J. Physiol., 131:509–520, 1940–1941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Fulton, J. F., and Keller, A. D.: The Sign of Babinski; A Study of the Evolution of Cortical Dominance in Primates. Charles C. Thomas. Springfield, Ill. 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Babinski, M.: Du phénohène des orteils et de sa valeur séminologique. Semaine Med., 18:321–322, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Magnus, R., and DeKleijn, A.: Die Abhängigkeit des Tonus der Extremitätenmuskeln von der Kopfstellung. Pfüger’s Arch. ges Physiol., 145:455–548, 1912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sherrington, C. S.: Decerebrate rigidity and reflex coordination of movements. J. Physiol., 22:319–332, 1897–1898.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mayer-Gross, W., and Berliner, F.: Observations in hypoglycemia: IV. Body temperature and coma. J. Ment. Sci., 88:419–427, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Frostig, J. P., Rossman, I. M., Cline, W. B., Jr. and Schwoerer, O.: Protracted shock; its cause and its prevention. Am. J. Psychiat., 98:192–195, 1941–1942.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Himwich, H. E., Fazekas, J. F., Bernstein, A. O., Campbell, E. H., and Martin, S. J.: Syndromes secondary to prolonged hypoglycemia. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med., 39:244–245, 1938.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Horwitz, W. A., Sperry, W. M., and Barrera, S. E.: The effect of convulsions and petit mal reactions on components of blood. Read at the American Psychiatric Association meetings, 1943.

  26. Katzenelbogen, S., Baur, A. K., and Coyne, A. R.: The electro-shock therapy. Clinical and biochemical studies. Read at the American Neurological Association meetings, 1944.

  27. Howell, R. W., Bagchi, B. K., and Schmale, H.: The effects of electroshock therapy on the electroencephalogram. Read at the American Psychiatric Association meetings, 1944.

  28. Proctor, L. D., and Goodwin, J. E.: Clinical and electro-physiological observations following electroshock. Read at the American Psychiatric Association meetings, 1944.

  29. Tillotson, K. J., and Sulzbach, W.: A comparative study and evaluation of electroshosk therapy in depressive states. Read at the American Psychiatric Association meetings, 1944.

  30. Barrera, S. E., Lewis, N. D. C., Pacella, B. L., and Kalinowsky, L.: Brain changes associated with electrically induced seizures. Trans. Am. Neurol. Assoc., 6, 31–35, 1942.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Alexander, L., and Löwenbach, H.: Experimental studies on electroshock treatment: the intracerebral vascular reaction as an indicator of the path of the current and the threshold of early changes within the same tissue. J. Neuropath. and Exp. Neurol., 3:139–171, 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lidbeck, W. L.: Pathologic changes in the brain after electric shock. An experimental study on dogs. J. Neuropath. and Exp. Neurol., 3:81–86, 1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Elliott, K. A. C., Rivers, T. D., Elliott F. H., and Platt, B.: The effects of insulin, metrazol, and electric shock on blood pyruvate, lactate and glucose. J. Lab. and Clin. Med., 26:1928–1934, 1940–1941.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Katzenelbogen, S.: A critical appraisal of the “shock therapies” in the major psychoses and psychoneuroses, III. Convulsive therapy. Psychiatry, 409–420, 1940.

  35. Davis, P. A., and Sulzbach, W.: Changes in the electroencephalogram during metrazol therapy. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 43:341–355, 1940.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Finley, K. H., and Brenner, C.: Histologic evidence of damage to the brain in monkeys treated with metrazol and insulin. Arch. Neurol and Psychiat., 45: 403–438, 1941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Himwich, H. E., Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F.: Biochemical changes occurring in the cerebral blood during the insulin treatment of schizophrenia. J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis., 89:273–293, 1939.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Himwich, H. E., and Fazekas, J. F.: Factor of hypoxia in the shock therapies of schizophrenia. Arch. Neurol. and Psychiat., 47:800–807, 1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Himwich, H. E., Bowman, K. M., Wortis, J., and Fazekas, J. F.: Metabolism of the brain during insulin and metrazol treatments of schizophrenia. J. A. M. A., 112:1572–1573, 1939.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. McCulloch, W. S., and Roseman, E.: Flucturation of cortical oxygen tension during induced convulsions. Federation Proc., 2:34, 1943.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Albany Medical College, Union Universiy, Albany, N. Y.

    Harold E. Himwich M. D.

Authors
  1. Harold E. Himwich M. D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Read at the quarterly conference of the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, Albany, May 19, 1944.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Himwich, H.E. The physiology of the “shock” therapies. Psych Quar 18, 357–373 (1944). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575797

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575797

Keywords

Search

Navigation