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Circadian variation in blood glucose levels, in glucose tolerance and in plasma immunoreactive insulin levels

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Riassunto

Esiste oggi un considerevole numero di prove che documentano l'esistenza, in parecchie specie animali, di variazioni circadiane dei livelli glicemici, sia a digiuno che in condizioni di alimentazione e nel corso di tests di tolleranza al glucosio. Tali modificazioni si accompagnano a variazioni dei livelli plasmatici di insulina e possono essere secondarie ad un ritmo diurno nella risposta delle cellule pancreatiche B. Tuttavia, anche modificazioni della sensibilità all'insulina possono svolgere un certo ruolo nei fenomeni osservati, come pure altri ormoni possono esservi interessati. Lo studio della tolleranza al glucosio eseguito al pomeriggio o alla sera sembra essere assai più indicativo di quello praticato al mattino e può mettere in evidenza difetti dell'omeostasi del glucosio, analogamente a quanto si verifica con l'impiego del test al cortisone-glucosio. Certamente, negliscreenings di popolazioni per l'identificazione dei casi di diabete si deve tener conto di tale fenomeno. Esso può dimostrarsi utile anche nello studio della storia naturale del diabete mellito.

Résumé

Aujord'hui, il existe un nombre considérable de preuves lesquelles témoignent l'existence, chez plusieurs espèces d'animaux, de variations circadianes des niveaux glicémiques tant à jeûne qu'en conditions d'alimentation et au cours de tests de tolérance au glucose. Ces modifications s'accompagnent de variations des niveaux plasmatique d'insuline et peuvent être secondaires à un rythme diurne dans la réponse des cellules pancréatiques B. Toutefois, même des modifications de la sensibilité à l'insuline peuvent jouer un rôle dans les phénomènes étudiés, ainsi que d'autres hormones. L'étude de la tolérance au glucose effectuée dans l'après-midi ou bien le soir semble plus digne de foi que celui effectuée le matin et peut mettre en évidence des défauts dans l'oméostase du glucose; on obtient donc les mêmes résultats qu'avec l'utilisation du test au cortisone-glucose. Certes, dans lesscreenings de populations pour dépister les cas de diabète on doit tenir compte de ce phénomène. Il peut s'avérer utile même dans l'étude de l'histoire naturelle du diabète mellite.

Resumen

Existe hoy un considerable número de pruebas que documentan la existencia en diversas especies animales de variaciones circadianas de los niveles glìcémicos, tanto en ayunas como en condiciones de alimentación y durante el curso de tests de tolerancia a la glucosa. Dichas modificaciones coinciden con variaciones de los niveles plasmáticos de insulina y pueden presentarse tras un ritmo diurno en la reacción de las células pancreáticas B. Sin embargo, puede ser que algunas modificaciones de la sensibilidad a la insulina jueguen cierto papel en los fenómenos observados, al igual que otros hormones. La observación y el estudio de la tolerancia a la glucosa efectuado por la tarde o por la noche, parece mucho más indicativo que el realizado por la mañana y puede poner en evidencia defectos de la homeoestasis de la glucosa, al igual que acontece cuando se emplea el test al cortisón-glucosa. Naturalmente, en losscreenings de poblaciones para la identificación de los casos de diabetes, se debe tener en cuenta dicho fenómeno, el cual, también puede tener utilidad en el estudio de la historia natural de la diabetes mellitus.

Zusammenfassung

Wir verfügen heute über eine Reihe von Elementen, welche für das Vorliegen von Tagesschwankungen im Blutzuckerniveau bei zahlreichen Tierarten sowohl im Nüchternzustand als auch bei Zugang zu Futter und unter Belastungsproben mit Glukose sprechen. Diese Schwankungen gehen mit Variationen im Plasmainsulin-Niveau Hand in Hand und sind womöglich Folge eines Tagesrhythmus in der Reaktion der pankreatischen B-Zellen. Es könnten aber auch Änderungen in der Insulinempfindlichkeit eine Rolle spielen, ebenso wie andere Hormone. Belastungsproben welche am Nachmittag und Abend ausgeführt werden, scheinen bedeutend beweiskräftiger zu sein als die morgendliche Glukosebelastung und können zur Endeckung von Defekten in der GlukoseHomöostase führen, wie sie durch den Kortison-Glukose-Test nachgewiesen werden. Bei Reihenuntersuchungen zur Erfassung des Diabetes muß dieser Tatsache Rechung getragen werden, die ausserdem auch für die Erforschung der Entwicklung der Zuckerkrankheit von Bedeutung sein könnte.

Summary

There is now considerable evidence, in several animal species, documenting circadian variations in blood sugar levels both in the fasting and fed state and during glucose tolerance tests. These changes are associated with variations in plasma insulin levels and may be secondary to a diurnal rhythm in the pancreatic β-cell response. However, changes in insulin sensitivity may also play some part in the observed phenomena and other hormones may also be involved. Afternoon or evening glucose tolerance testing seems to be much more provocative than morning testing and may uncover defects in glucose homoeostasis in a manner analogous to the steroid-glucose tolerance test. Certaily, those engaged in screening populations for diabetes must take account of the phenomenon. It may also prove useful in the study of the natural history of diabetes mellitus.

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Jarrett, R.J. Circadian variation in blood glucose levels, in glucose tolerance and in plasma immunoreactive insulin levels. Acta diabet. lat 9, 263–275 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01564551

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