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Needle aspiration and needle biopsy of the thyroid

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Abstract

A definitive preoperative diagnosis is not readily available for the majority of patients with an enlarging thyroid gland or nodule, but thyroid needle biopsy yields an immediate, safe, and accurate histopathologic diagnosis. In a review of 460 patients having thyroid needle biopsy at the Cleveland Clinic from 1967 to 1976, sufficient biopsy material was available for diagnosis in 410 patients. In 44 patients operations were performed for benign disease for a variety of reasons. In 23 patients operations were performed for thyroid malignancy; in 14 of the latter group the diagnosis was made by needle biopsy and confirmed surgically. Of 9 other patients operated on for thyroid malignancy, 6 had thyroid surgery because needle biopsy showed a follicular neoplasm in which malignancy could not be ruled out, and in the remaining 3, clinical findings and the hypercellular nature of the biopsy prompted operation. In an additional 9 patients thyroid malignancy was diagnosed by needle biopsy, but no operation was performed (1 because of age and prohibitive cardiac risk, 2 because the cancer was metastatic to the thyroid from a separate primary, and 6 because the neoplasms were lymphoma or small cell undifferentiated carcinomas that were treated by radiotherapy). There were 3 complications in 460 biopsies (transient recurrent nerve palsy, hematoma, and local discomfort), all of which were short-lived and minimal. The true value of needle biopsy was that 393 patients with benign disease were spared unnecessary surgery. After a quarter century of experience with this technique, the authors propose that needle biopsy be used more often to eliminate the mortality, morbidity, and significant cost of unnecessary thyroid surgery, and the uncertainty and expense of less accurate diagnostic methods.

Résumé

Dans la majorité des cas de goitres ou nodules thyroïdiens, il est difficile d'obtenir un diagnostic préopératoire certain. Néanmoins, la biopsie thyroïdienne à l'aiguille donne un diagnostic histologique rapide, sûr et exact. Une revue de 460 biopsies thyroïdiennes à l'aiguille faites à la Cleveland Clinic entre 1967 et 1976 montre que, dans 410 cas, la ponction a fourni un matériel suffisant pour le diagnostic histologique. Parmi ces malades, 44 ont été opérés de lésions bénignes, pour des raisons diverses. Sur 23 cancers thyroïdiens, l'opération a confirmé dans 14 cas le diagnostic fait par ponction. Parmi les 9 autres cas, 6 ont été opérés parce que la biopsie à l'aiguille avait montré une tumeur folliculaire sans pouvoir exclure une malignité et 3 parce que les données cliniques et l'aspect hypercellulaire de la biopsie posaient l'indication opératoire. Neuf autres cancers thyroïdiens diagnostiqués par ponction-biopsie n'ont pas été opérés pour des raisons diverses: 1 âge avancé et risque cardiaque majeur, 2 métastases intrathyroïdiennes d'un autre cancer, 6 lymphomes ou cancers indifférenciés à petites cellules traités par radiothérapie. Les 460 biopsies ont amené 3 complications (paralysie récurrentielle transitoire, hématome, douleur locale), toutes de courte durée et d'importance minime. La vraie valeur de la biopsie apparait lorsqu'on réalise qu'une opération inutile a été évitée à 393 malades. Les auteurs, qui utilisent cette technique depuis un quart de siècle, proposent que la ponction-biopsie soit utilisée plus largement, pour supprimer la mortalité, la morbidité et le prix élevé d'opérations inutiles ainsi que les incertitudes et le coût des méthodes de diagnostic moins précises.

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Esselstyn, C.B., Crile, G. Needle aspiration and needle biopsy of the thyroid. World J. Surg. 2, 321–323 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01561505

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01561505

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