Skip to main content
Log in

Diabetes and the nervous system

  • Original Contributions
  • Published:
Acta diabetologia latina Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Riassunto

La polineuropatia simmetrica distale, sia sensoria che motoria, è la sindrome neurologica più comune nel diabete. La velocità di conduzione motoria e sensitiva dei nervi periferici può essere rallentata e si possono riscontrare segni elettrici di denervazione anche in assenza di manifestazioni cliniche della neuropatia. Il paziente diabetico presenta costantemente segni di neuropatia più evidenti che nei controlli di varie età. Nella polineuropatia simmetrica la maggiore alterazione patologica è rappresentata dalla demielinizzazione segmentale. Mononeuropatie, radiculopatie e neuropatie craniche si verificano nei diabetici e dal punto di vista patologico sembrano essere dovute a piccoli infarti nelle radici nervose e nei nervi periferici. Probabilmente la cosiddetta amiotrofia diabetica rappresenta soltanto una neuropatia motoria prossimale. La sindrome neuropatica del sistema autonomo può essere messa in relazione con variazioni patologiche dei gangli simpatici. Nè la mielopatia diabetica specifica nè la miopatia sono state ancora definite e vi sono scarse prove per una encefalopatia specifica del diabete.

Resume

La polineuropathie simmétrique distale, soit sensorielle que motrice, est le syndrome neurologique plus commun dans le diabète. La vélocité de la conduction motrice et sensorielle des nerfs périphériques peut être ralentie et l'on peut observer des signaux électriques de dénervation aussi en absence des maniféstations cliniques de la neuropathie. Les sujets diabétiques présentent toujours une manifestation de neuropathie majeure que chez les contrôles de différente âge. Dans la polineuropathie symmétrique la plus grave altération pathologique est la démiélination segmentale. Mononeuropathies, radiculopathies et neuropathies crâniennes se vérifient chez les diabétiques et du point de vue pathologique semblent être dues à des petits infarctus dans les radices nerveuses et dans les nerfs périphériques. Probablement l'ainsi nommée amiothrophie diabétique représente seulement une neuropathie motrice proximale. Le syndrome neuropathique du système autonome peut être mis en relation avec les variations pathologiques des ganglions sympatiques. Ni la miélopathie diabétique spécifique ni la miopathie ont été encore bien définies et il n'y a pas d'épreuves sûres pour une encéfalopathie spécifique dans le diabète.

Resumen

La polineuropatía simétrica terminal, sensoria o motoria, es el síndrome neurológico más común en la diábetes. Las velocidades de conducción motoria y sensitiva de los nervios periféricos se pueden reducir, y pueden hallarse signos eléctricos de desnervación, inclusive si están ausentes manifestaciones clínicas de neuropatía. El paciente diabético presenta constantemente manifestación de neuropatía mayor de los controles, de cualquiera edad. En la polineuropatía simétrica, la más importante alteración patológica está representada por la desmielinización segmental. Mononeuropatías, radiculopatías y neuropatías del craneo se presentan en los diabéticos; del punto de vista patológico parecen causadas por pequeños infartos en las raíces nerviosas y en los nervios periféricos. Probablemente la llamada amiotrofia diabética representa solamente una neuropatía motoria proximal. El síndrome neuropático del sistema autónomo puede estar relacionado con variaciones patológicas de los ganglios simpáticos. Ni la mielopatía diabética específica ni la miopatía han sido todavía definidas, y existen pruebas muy escasas de encefalopatía específica de la diábetes.

Zusammenfassung

Sowohl die sensoriale wie auch die motorische symmetrische distale Polyneuropathie stellt das haeufigste neurologische Syndrom beim Diabetes dar. Die motorische und sensoriale Leitungsgeschwindigkeit der peripheren Nerven kann verlangsamt sein und man kann elektrische Anzeichen einer Denervation auch in Abwesenheit klinischer Symptome der Neuropathie feststellen. Der diabetische Patient offenbart stets Neuropathie-Aeusserungen, die immer ausgepraegter sind als bei den Kontrollen unterschiedlichen Alters. Bei der symmetrischen Polyneuropathie besteht die haeufigste pathologische Veraenderung in der segmentalen Demyelinisation. Beim Diabetiker treten Mononeuropathien, Radikulopathien und kraniale Neuropathien auf; vom pathologischen Gesichtspunkt aus scheinen sie auf kleine Infarkte in den Nervenwurzeln und peripheren Nerven zurueckzufuehren zu sein. Wahrscheinlich stellt die sogenannte diabetische Amiotrophie nur eine proximale motorische Neuropathie dar. Das neuropathische Syndrom des autonomen Systems kann mit pathologischen Veraenderungen der sympathischen Ganglien in Bezug gebracht werden. Bisher wurde weder eine spezifische diabetische Myelopathie noch eine Myopathie genau umrissen und es gibt spaerliche Anzeichen fuer eine spezifische Enzephalopathie des Diabetes.

Summary

Distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, both sensory and motor, is the most common diabetic neurologic syndrome. Motor and sensory conduction velocities in peripheral nerves may be slowed and electrical signs of denervation may be found even without clinical evidence of neuropathy. The diabetic consistently has greater evidence of neuropathy than age-matched controls. Segmental demyelination is the major pathological change in the distal symmetrical polyneuropathy. Mononeuropathies, radiculopathies and cranial neuropathies occur in diabetics and pathologically appear to be due to small infarcts in nerve roots and peripheral nerves. So called diabetic amyotrophy probably represents only a proximal motor neuropathy. The autonomic neuropathic syndromes may be related to pathological changes within sympathetic ganglia. No specific diabetic myelopathy or myopathy has yet been defined and little evidence exists for a specific diabetic encephalopathy.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Bibliografia

  1. Appenzeller O., Richardson E. P. Jr.: The Sympathetic Chain in Patients with Diabetic and Alcoholic Polyneuropathy - Neurology (Minneap.)16 1205, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Berge K. G., Sprague R. G., Bennett W. A.: The Intestinal Tract in Diabctic Diarrhea. A Pathologic Study - Diabetes5 289, 1956.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Coers C., Hildebrand J.: Latent Neuropathy in Diabetes and Alcoholism. Electromyographic and Histological Study - Neurology (Minneap.)15 19, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Corbin K. R., Gardner F. D.: Decrease in Number of Myelinated Fibers in Human Spinal Roots with Age - Anat. Rec.68 63, 1937.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Dolman C. L.: The Morbid Anatomy of Diabetic Neuropathy - Neurology (Minneap.)13 135, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Dreyfus P. M., Hakim S., Adams R. D.: Diabetic Ophthalmoplegia: Report of Case, with Postmortem Study and Comments on Vascular Supply of Human Oculomotor Nerve - Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. (Chic.)77 337, 1957.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Eliasson S. G.: Nerve Conduction Changes in Experimental Diabetes - J. clin. Invest.43 2353, 1964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Ellenberg M.: Diabetic Neuropathy of the Upper Extremities - J. Mt. Sinai Hosp.35 134, 1968.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Ellenberg M., Weber H.: The Incipient Asymptomatic Diabetic Bladder -Diabetes15 524, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fagerberg S. E.: Diabetic Neuropathy. A Clinical and Histological Study on the Significance of Vascular Affections - Acta med. scand.164 (suppl. 345), 1959.

  11. Friedman S. A., Feinberg R., Podolak E., Bedell R. H. S.: Pupillary Abnormalities in Diabetic Neuropathy. A Preliminary Study - Ann. intern. Med.67 977, 1967.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Garland H.: Diabetic Amyotrophy. In: Modern Trends in Neurology -Williams D., Hoeber P. B., New York, 1957, page 229.

  13. Gilliatt R. W.: Diabetic Neuropathy in Diabetes Mellitus -Duncan L. J. P., Edinburgh University Press, 1966, page 63.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gilliatt R. W., Willison R. E.: Peripheral Nerve Conduction in Diabetic Neuropathy -J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.25 11, 1962.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Goldenberg S., Alex M., Joshi R. A., Blumenthal H. T.: Nonatheromatous Peripheral Vascular Disease of the Lower Extremity in Diabetes Mellitus - Diabetes8 261, 1959.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Goodman J. I.: Diabetic Anhydrosis - Amer. J. Med.41 831, 1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Greenbaum D.: Observations on the Homogeneous Nature and Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy - Brain87 215, 1964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Greenbaum D., Richardson P. C., Salmon M. V., Urich H.: Pathological Observations on Six Cases of Diabetic Neuropathy - Brain87 201, 1964.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Gregersen G.: Diabetic Neuropathy: Influence of Age, Sex, Metabolic Control and Duration of Diabetes on Motor Conduction Velocity - Neurology (Minneap.)17 972, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Heinrichs R. W., Moorhouse J. A.: Touch-Perception Thresholds in Blind Diabetic Subjects in Relation to the Reading of Braille Type - New Engl. J. Med.280 72, 1969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hensley G. T., Soergel K. H.: Neuropathologic Findings in Diabetic Diarrhea - Arch. Path.85 587, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Locke S., Lawrence D. G., Legg M. A.: Diabetic Amyotrophy - Amer. J. Med.34 775, 1963.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Martin M. M.: Involvement of Autonomic Nerve Fibers in Diabetic Neuropathy - Lancet1 560, 1953.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mayher W. E. III, Mimbs J. W., Allen M. B. Jr.: Hypophysectomy in Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy - Surg. Forum18 447, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mayne N.: Neuropathy in the Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Populations - Lancet2 1313, 1965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Mayne N.: The Short-Term Prognosis in Diabetic Neuropathy - Diabetes17 270, 1968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Midtgard J., Paulson J. E.: Diabetic Myopathy - Diabetologia3 538, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Raff M. C., Asbury A. K.: Ischemic Mononeuropathy and Mononeuropathy Multiplex in Diabetes Mellitus - New Engl. J. Med.279 17, 1968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Raff M. C., Sangalang V., Asbury A. K.: Ischemic Mononeuropathy Multiplex Associated with Diabetes Mellitus - Arch. Neurol.18 487, 1968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Reske-Nielson E., Lundbaek K.: Pathological Changes in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of Young Long Term Diabetics. II. The Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves - Diabetologia4 34, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Reske-Nielson E., Lundbaek K., Rafaelsen O. J.: Pathological Changes in the Central and Peripheral Nervous System of Young Long Term Diabetics. I. Diabetic Encephalopathy -Diabetologia1 233, 1965.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Ross A. T.: Recurrent Cranial Nerve Palsies in Diabetes Mellitus - Neurology (Minneap.)12 180, 1962.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Shuman C. R., Weissman B.: Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Involvement as a Manifestation of Diabetic Neuropathy - Diabetes17 (Suppl. 1), 302, 1968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Siperstein M. D., Unger R. H., Madison L. L.: Studies of Muscle Capillary Basement Membranes in Normal Subjects, Diabetic and Prediabetic Patients - J. clin. Invest.47 1973, 1968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Thomas P. K., Lascelles R. G.: Schwann Cell Abnormalities in Diabetic Neuropathy -Lancet1 1355, 1965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Thomas P. K., Lascelles R. G.: The Pathology of Diabetic Neuropathy -Quart. J. Med.35 489, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Woltman H. W., Wilder R. M.: Diabetes Mellitus, Pathologic Changes in the Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerves - Arch. intern. Med.44 576, 1929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Schneck, S.A. Diabetes and the nervous system. Acta diabet. lat 6, 713–727 (1969). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01548083

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01548083

Key-words

Navigation