Abstract
This study examined the differences in childhood play behavior reported by adult male homosexuals (N =198) and heterosexuals (N =198) and those reported by female homosexuals (N =198) and heterosexuals (N =198). Two checklists with a total of 58 sports, games, and play activities were assembled: one for ages 5–8 and the other for ages 9–13. These were administered to the four samples. Monotonicity analysis (a type of factor analysis) revealed four scales within each checklist that were statistically reliable in each of the four samples. Scale and item mean comparisons revealed large significant differences between heterosexual males and females, male homosexuals and heterosexuals, and female homosexuals and heterosexuals. A majority of homosexuals reported significant degrees of cross-sex behavior in childhood play. Favorite play activities, age trends, play-related attitudes, and parent-child interactions were also examined.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acosta, F. X. (1975). Etiology and treatment of homosexuality: A review.Arch. Sex. Behav. 4: 9–29.
Bates, J. E., and Bentler, P. M. (1973). Play activities of normal and effeminate boys.Dev. Psychol. 9: 20–27.
Bentler, P. M. (1970). A comparision of monotonicity analysis with factor analysis.Educ. Psychol. Meas. 30: 241–250.
Bentler, P. M. (1971). Monotonicity analysis: An alternative to linear factor and test analysis. In Green, D. R., Ford, M. P., and Flamer, G. B. (eds.),Measurement and Piaget McGraw-Hill, New York.
Bentler, P. M. (1976). A typology of transsexualism: Gender identity theory and data.Arch. Sex. Behav. 5: 567–584.
Bentler, P. M., Jackson, D. N., and Messick, S. (1971). Identification of content and style: A two-dimensional interpretation of acquiescence.Psychol. Bull. 76: 186–204.
Bieber, I., Dain, H. J., Dince, P. R., Drellich, M. G., Grand, H. G., Gundlach, R. H., Kremer, M. W., Rifkin, A. H., Wilbur, C. B., and Bieber, T. B. (1962).Homosexuality: A psychoanalytical study. Basic Books, New York.
Evans, R. B. (1969). Childhood parental relationships of homosexual men.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 33: 129–135.
Green, R. (1976). One-hundred ten feminine and masculine boys: Behavioral contrasts and demographic similarities.Arch. Sex. Behav. 5: 425–446.
Grellert, E. A. (1982). Childhood play behavior of homosexual and heterosexual men.Psychol. Reports 51: 607–610.
Herron, R. E., and Sutton-Smith, B. (1971).Child's Play. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Hetherington, E. M. (1966). Effects of paternal absence on sex-typed behaviors in Negro and white preadolescent males.J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 4: 87–91.
Kaye, H. E., Berl, S., Clare, J., Eleston, M. R., Gershwin, B. S., Gershwin, P., Kogan, L. S., Torda, C., and Wilbur, C. B. (1967). Homosexuality in women.Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 17: 626–634.
Larzelere, R. E., and Mulaik, S. A. (1977). Single-sample tests for many correlations.Psychol. Bull. 84: 557–569.
Lebovits, P. S. (1972). Feminine behavior in boys: Aspects of its outcome.Amer. J. Psychiat. 128: 103–109.
Lehman, H. C., and Witty, P. A. (1927).The Psychology of Play Activities. A. S. Barnes & Co., New York.
Newcomb, M. D. (1979). The development of a measurment device that allows the retrospective personality assessment of mother relative to father, and validation of this instrument on heterosexuals, homosexuals, and male transvestites. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
Rosen, A. C., Rekers, G. A., and Bentler, P. M. (1977). Ethical issues in the treatment of children.J. Soc. Issues 34: 122–136.
Rosenberg, B. G., and Sutton-Smith, B. (1959). The measurement of masculinity and femininity in children.Child Dev. 30: 373–380.
Rosenberg, B. G., and Sutton-Smith, B. (1964). The measurement of masculinity and femininity in children: An extension and revalidation.J. Genet. Psychol. 104: 259–264.
Ross, M. W. (1980). Retrospective distortion in homosexual research.Arch. Sex. Behav. 9: 523–531.
Saghir, M. J., and Robins, E. (1973).Male and Female Homosexuality: A Comprehensive Investigation. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
Stephan, W. G. (1973). Parental relationships and early social experiences of activist male homosexuals and male heterosexuals.J. Abnorm. Psychol. 82: 506–513.
Sutton-Smith, B., Rosenberg, B. G., and Morgan, E. F., Jr. (1963). Development of sex differences in play choices during preadolescence.Child Dev. 34: 119–126.
Terman, L. M. (1926).Genetic Studies of Genius (Vol. I). Stanford University Press, Stanford, Califronia.
Terman, L. M., and Miles, C. C. (1936).Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Thompson, N. L., Schwartz, D. M., McCandless, B. R., and Edwards, D. A. (1973). Parent-child relationships and sexual identity in male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals.J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 41: 120–127.
Walker, R. N. (1964). Measuring masculinity and femininity in children's games choices.Child Dev. 35: 961–971.
Whitam, F. L. (1977). Childhood indicators of male homosexuality.Arch. Sex. Behav. 6: 89–96.
Woodward, J. A., and Bentler, P. M. (1978). A statistical lower bound to population reliability.Psychol. Bull. 85: 1323–1326.
Zuger, B. (1966). Effeminate behavior present in boys from early childhood. I. The clinical syndrome and follow-up studies.J. Pediat. 69: 1098–1107.
Zuger, B. (1978). Effeminate behavior present in boys from childhood: Ten additional years to follow-up.Comp. Psychiat. 19: 363–369.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This research was partially supported by USPHS Grant DA01070.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grellert, E.A., Newcomb, M.D. & Bentler, P.M. Childhood play activities of male and female homosexuals and heterosexuals. Arch Sex Behav 11, 451–478 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542472
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542472