Abstract
Clinical observations of two brothers from a severely disturbed environment are presented and discussed to illustrate some developmental aspects and polar manifestations of aggression, as well as interaction of intrinsic and environmental factors. Aggression in the older schizophrenic child turned against his own body and the self. Expressed in different forms, it depended on the level of differentiation and organization of personality and behavior. Psychopathology in the younger boy was less severe and more of a reactive nature. His aggression turned against the inconsistent and frustrating mother and later, indiscriminately, against anyone. It is suggested that pathogenetic environmental factors in the first years of life may not create special manifestations of aggression. Such factors, in interaction with intrinsic vulnerabilities, delay or distort development which, in turn, determines the mode in which aggression is expressed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aichhorn, A.Wayward youth. New York: Viking Press, 1935.
Anthony, E. J. The developmental precursors of adult schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal and S. S. Kety (Eds.),The transmission of schizophrenia. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1968.
Bender, L. Aggression in childhood.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1943,13, 392–399.
Bender, L., Keiser, S., & Schilder, P. Studies in aggressiveness.Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1936,18, 357–564.
Escalona, S. K. Emotional development in the first year of life. In M. J. E. Senn (Ed.),Problems of infancy and childhood. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation, 1953.
Escalona, S. K.The roots of individuality. Chicago: Aldine, 1968.
Fish, B. Contributions of developmental research to a theory of schizophrenia. In J. Hellmuth (Ed.),Exceptional infant. Vol. 2.Studies in abnormalities. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1971.
Fish, B., Shapiro, T., Campbell, M., & Wile, R. A. Classification of schizophrenic children under five years.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1968,124, 1415–1423.
Freud, A. Aggression in relation to emotional development; normal and pathological.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1949,34, 37–42.
Freud, A.Normality and pathology in childhood. New York: International Universities Press, 1965.
Freud, A., & Burlingham, D.Infants without families. New York: International Universities Press, 1944.
Freud, S.Civilization and its discontents (1930). In J. Strachey (Ed.),Complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. (Std. ed.) Vol. 21. London: Hogarth Press, 1961.
Freud, S.New introductory lectures on psychoanalysis (1933). In J. Strachey (Ed.),Complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. (Std. ed.) Vol. 22. London: Hogarth Press, 1964.
Fries, M. E. Factors in character development, neuroses, psychoses and delinquency. A study of pregnancy, delivery, lying-in period and early childhood.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1937,7, 142–181.
Fries, M. E., & Woolf, P. J. Some hypotheses on the role of the congenital activity type in personality development.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1953,8, 48–62.
Goldfarb, W. Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A reevaluation. In P. H. Hoch and J. Zubin (Eds.),Psychopathology of childhood. New York & London: Grune & Stratton, 1955.
Goldfarb, W. Pain reactions in a group of institutionalized schizophrenic children.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1958,28, 777–784.
Green, A. H. Self-mutilation in schizophrenic children.Archives of General Psychiatry, 1967,17, 234–244.
Green, A. H. Self-destructive behavior in physically abused schizophrenic children.Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968,19, 171–179.
Hartmann, H., Kris, E., & Loewenstein, R. M. Notes on the theory of aggression.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1949,3–4, 9–36.
Hoffer, W. Oral aggressiveness and ego development.International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1950,31, 156–160.
Kanner, L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Nervous Child, 1943,2, 217–250.
Lourie, R. S. The role of rhythmic patterns in childhood.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1949,105, 653–660.
Mahler, S. M. Contribution to round-table discussion on aggression. Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, D.C., 1948.
Mehlman, R. D., & Griesemer, R. D. Alopecia areata in the very young.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1968,125, 605–614.
Pasamanick, B., & Knobloch, H. Brain damage and reproductive casualty.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1960,30, 298–305.
Rosenthal, D., & Kety, S. S. (Eds.)The transmission of schizophrenia. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1968.
Spitz, R. A. Aggression: Its role in establishment of object relations. In R. M. Loewenstein (Ed.),Drive, affects, behavior. New York: International Universities Press, 1953.
Spitz, R. A., & Wolf, K.M. Anaclitic depression.Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1946,2, 313–342.
Stern, W.Psychology of early childhood up to the sixth year of age. (3rd ed.) Revised and enlarged by Ann Barwell. New York: Henry Holt, 1924.
Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H. G., Hertzig, M. E., & Korn, S.Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York: New York University Press, 1963.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
This study was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant MH-04665 from the National Institute of Mental Health and in part by a grant from the Harriett Ames Charitable Trust.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Campbell, M., Hersh, S.P. Observations on the vicissitudes of aggression in two siblings. J Autism Dev Disord 1, 398–410 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01540531
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01540531