Skip to main content
Log in

Schizophrenia in children under 16 years

  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Schizophrenic children admitted as inpatients to a child psychiatric unit over a 10-year period were reviewed in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical features, and social adaptation using the DSM-III as a frame of reference. Ten children who were first seen at least 1 year previously were followed up and reassessed as regards clinical status and level of adaptive functioning. As in other studies, outcome was related to age at onset, premorbid level of adaptation, rapidly of onset, clinical subtype, and presence of affective symptoms. However, deterioration following the active phase of the illness occurred in only four cases. The outcome in childhood schizophrenia may be more favorable than generally assumed, but there is a need for longer and larger studies of carefully diagnosed groups.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-III). (3rd ed.) Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Annell, A. The prognosis of psychotic syndromes in children.Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1963,39, 235–241.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bender, L. Childhood schizophrenia: Clinical study of one hundred schizophrenic children.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1947,17, 40–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bender, L. Schizophrenia in childhood: Its recognition, description and treatment.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1956,26, 499–506.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettelheim, B.The empty fortress. New York: Free Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradley, C., & Bowen, M. Behavior characteristics of schizophrenic children.Psychiatric Quarterly, 1941,15, 298–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, A. B. Prognostic factors of adolescent psychoses.Journal of Mental Science, 1942,88, 31–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creak, M., Cameron, K., Cowie, V., Ini, S., Mackeith, R., Mitchell, G., O'Gorman, G., Orford, F., Rogers, W., Shapiro, A., Stone, F., Stroh, G., & Yudkin, S. Schizophrenic syndrome in childhood.British Medical Journal, 1961,2, 889–890.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eggers, C. Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1978,1, 21–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, L. The course of childhood schizophrenia.Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1957,78, 69–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elley, W. B., & Irving, J. C. A socioeconomic index for New Zealand based on levels of education and income from the 1966 census.New Zealand Journal of Educational Studies, 1972,7, 153–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B. The detection of schizophrenia in infancy.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1957,125, 1–24.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., & Shapiro, T. A typology of children's psychiatric disorders. Its application to a controlled evaluation of treatment.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 1965,4, 436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fish, B., Shapiro, T., & Campbell, M. Long term prognosis and the response of schizophrenic children to drug therapy: A controlled study of trifluoperazine.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1966,123, 29–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry.Psychopathological disorders in childhood: Theoretical considerations and a proposed classification. New York: Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollister, L. H.Clinical pharmacology of psychotherapeutic drugs. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Classification of Diseases (8th rev.). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1969.

  • International Classification of Diseases (9th rev.). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1979.

  • Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Carnery, M. W. P., & Price, J. S. Mechanism of the antipsychotic effect in the treatment of acute schizophrenia.Lancet, 1978,1, 848–851.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact.Nervous Child, 1943,2, 217–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanner, L.Child psychiatry (3rd ed.). Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, L. J., & Pitman, S. D. A followup of 65 adolescent schizophrenic patients.Diseases of the Nervous System, 1971,32, 328–334.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kolvin, I. Psychoses in childhood — A comparative study. In M. Rutter (Ed.),Infantile autism: Concepts, characteristics and treatment. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahler, M. On child psychosis in schizophrenia: Autistic and symbiotic infantile psychosis. InPsychoanalytic study of the child (Vol. 7). New York: International Universities Press, 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Masterton, J. F. Prognosis in adolescent disorders: Schizophrenia.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1956,124, 219–232.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • May, P. R. A., & Goldberg, S. C. Prediction of schizophrenic patients' response to pharmacotherapy. In M. A. Lipton, A. Dimascio, & K. F. Killam,Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress. New York: Raven Press, 1978. Pp. 1139–1154.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Health Statistics Report.Mental health data, 1971–1976. National Health Statistics Centre, Department of Health.

  • Pope, H. G., & Lipinski, J. F. A reassessment of the specificity of schizophrenic symptoms in the light of current research.Archives of General Psychiatry, 1978,35, 811–827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, H. Schizophrenia in children.American Journal of Psychiatry, 1933,12, 1253–1268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Procci, W. R. Schizoaffective psychosis: Fact or fiction?Archives of General Psychiatry, 1976,33, 1167–1178.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M. Childhood schizophrenia reconsidered.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 1972,2, 315–337.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Greenfeld, D., & Lockyer, L. A five to fifteen year study of infantile psychosis. II. Social behavioural outcome.British Journal of Psychiatry, 1967,113, 1183–1199.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, J. H. Longterm prognosis and followup in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1978,4, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. II: Relationships between prediction and outcome variables.Archives of General Psychiatry, 1974,31, 37–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, J., Klorman, R., Kokes, R., & Sacksteder, J. Premorbid adjustment in schizophrenia: Concepts, measures and implications. Part V. Directions for research and application.Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1977,3(2), 240–244.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szurek, S. Psychotic episodes and psychotic maldevelopment.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1956,26, 519–543.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, W. A study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients and the outcome six or more years later. II: The followup study.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1965,6, 141–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werry, J. S. The childhood psychoses. In H. C. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds.),Psychopathological disorders of childhood (2nd ed.), New York: Wiley, 1979. Pp. 41–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winsberg, B., & Yepes, L. Antipsychotics. In J. S. Werry (Ed.),Paediatric psychopharmacology. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978. Pp. 234–273.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

This study was supported in part by the Medical Research Council of New Zealand.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kydd, R.R., Werry, J.S. Schizophrenia in children under 16 years. J Autism Dev Disord 12, 343–357 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538322

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01538322

Keywords

Navigation