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Changes in the parent-child legal relationship—What they mean to the clinician and researcher

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References

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  2. A. Kleinfeld, The balance of power among infants, their parents and the state, Part II, parental power,Family Law Quarterly, 1970,4, 409–443, at 412.

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  7. Parens patriae: legal doctrine holding that the state, as parent of the country, may act as guardian for all persons under disabilities such as minority, insanity, and mental incompetency.

  8. See, e.g., N.C. Const., Art. IX, § 3; W. Va. Code § 18-8-1; Wyo. Stats. § 21.1-48.Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1971) represents an exception to this rule (Amish parents' religious rights overcome their statutory duty to send children to school until age 16).

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  15. The exceptions include: Mississippi (Miss. Code Ann. secs 681 & 684), Missouri (Mo. Stat. Ann. sec. 475.010), and South Carolina (S.C. Code sec. 62-402), which still retain 21 as the age of majority; Alaska (Alas. Stats, sec. 25.20.010), Nebraska (Nebr. Rev. Stat. sec. 38-101), and Wyoming (Who. Stats, sec. 8-18.1), which have set 19 as the age of majority; and Kentucky (Ky. Rev. Stat. sec. 2.015) and New Mexico (N.M. Stats, sec. 46-10-12), which have lowered the age of majority to 18 but have retained 21 as the drinking age.

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  24. Id., at 1049 n. 18.

  25. 402 F. Supp. 1039, at 1054.

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  36. Id.

  37. DHEW, NIH,Protection of human subjects: Policies and procedures (“draft working document”), III Participation of children in research, 38:121Federal Register, 31738, 31740 (No. 16, 1973) [hereinafter cited as DHEW Draft].

  38. Id., at 31741.

  39. Id.

  40. Subpart B of Title 45, Part 46, reserved at 39:165Federal Register, 30648 (Aug. 23, 1974).

  41. DHEW Draft, note 37supra.

  42. Id., at 31742 (citation omitted).

  43. Id. (citation omitted).

  44. The 1973 DHEW Draft (note 37supra) states: “The intent of this policy is that institutions which apply for DHEW funds or submit research in fulfillment of DHEW regulations must be in compliance with these special protections, whether or not particular research, development, or demonstration activities are Federally activities [sic].” However, this apparent intent of broad applicability was not continued in 1974 in the approved basic regulations for the protection of human subjects or in the proposed rules concerning fetuses, prisoners, and the mentally disabled. Both of these later documents indicate that the rules apply only to activities involving DHEW grants and contracts (39:105Federal Register 18917, §§ 46.1 and 46.2 (May 30, 1974); 39:165Federal Register 30648 (Aug. 23, 1974)).

  45. Id., at 31739.

  46. Id., at 31742.

  47. Id., at 31746, § 46.27(a).

  48. Id., at 31746, § 46.27(d).See also draft policies at 31742, § III D3.

  49. Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483, 494 (1954).

  50. “K. B. Clark,Effect of Prejudice and Discrimination on Personality Development (Midcentury White House Conference on Children and Youth, 1950); Witmer and Kotinsky,Personality in the Making (1952), c. VI: Deutscher and Chein,the Psychological Effects of Enforced Segregation: A Survey of Social Science Opinion, 26 J. Psychol. 259 (1948); Chein,What are the Psychological Effects of Segregation Under Conditions of Equal Facilities?, 3 Int. J. Opinion and Attitude Res. 229 (1949); Brameld,Educational Costs, in Discrimination and National Welfare (McIver ed., 1949), 44–48; Frazier,The Negro in the United States (1949), 674–681. And see generally Myrdal,An American Dilemma (1944).” 347 U.S. 494 n. 11.

  51. “[T]here is substantial agreement among child psychologists and sociologists that the moral and intellectual maturity of the 14-year-old approaches that of the adult.See, e.g., J. Piaget, The Moral Judgment of the Child (1948); D. Elkind, Children and Adolescents 75–80 (1970); Kohlberg, Moral Education in the Schools: A Developmental View, in R. Muuss, Adolescent Behavior and Society 193, 199–200 (1971); W. Kay, Moral Development 172–183 (1968); A. Gesell & F. Ilg, Youth: The Years From Ten to Sixteen 175–182 (1956). The maturity of Amish youth, who identify with and assume adult roles from early childhood, see M. Goodman, The Culture of Childhood 92–94 (1970), is certainly not less than that of children in the general population.”Wisconsin v. Yoder, 406 U.S. 205 (1971), Douglasdissent, at 245 n. 3.

  52. Note 23supra.

  53. 402 F. Supp. 1054.

  54. Note 22supra.

  55. Text at note 48supra.

  56. Text at note 45supra.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Law and Health Sciences, Boston University School of Law, USA

    Henry A. Beyer (Staff Attorney)

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  1. Henry A. Beyer
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Research supported by NIMH research grant number 1 RO1 24934 from the National Institute of Mental Health.

Because of the nature of this article, legal reference style was accepted. Authors are normally requested to use the style guide of the American Psychological Association.

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Beyer, H.A. Changes in the parent-child legal relationship—What they mean to the clinician and researcher. J Autism Dev Disord 7, 84–94 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531118

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