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Niere und Hochdruck

Kidney and hypertension

Dem Andenken Franz Volhards, geboren 2. Mai 1872, gestorben 24. Mai 1950

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Summary

The interrelationship between hypertension and the kidney is discussed from three different points of view: firstly, the pathogenetic significance of the kidney for the development and maintenance of hypertension, secondly, the effects of chronically elevated blood pressure on renal structure and function, and, thirdly, the possibility of lowering elevated blood pressure by affecting the kidneys or by interfering with humoral factors of renal origin.

Although numerous observations have been reported on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in different forms of hypertension, its role in the development of hypertension still needs to be elucidated. After a clip has been placed on one renal artery, the renin system is stimulated only in the presence of an intact contralateral kidney, but not when the contralateral kidney was removed previously or when renal mass was reduced by 70%. After unilateral nephrectomy and subsequent clamping of the remaining renal artery, extracellular fluid volume and cardiac output increase initially, whereas, at a later stage, total peripheral resistance rises as a consequence of “autoregulatory” mechanisms. The “suppressed renin response” seen in 25% of patients with essential hypertension is also observed in normotensive subjects who have previously undergone unilateral nephrectomy or in patients with a transplanted kidney.

In rats made hypertensive by clamping one renal artery, the contralateral kidney is exposed to a higher pressure than the clamped kidney. Consequently the two kindeys differ from each other with respect to their function. After unilateral nephrectomy and the placing of a clip on the remaining renal artery, the pressure distal to the clip is below the systemic pressure. In the presence of a contralateral kidney, renal sodium loss may be induced when a critical systolic pressure level (>180 mm Hg) is surpassed, and consequently a malignant type of hypertension may develop. The accelerated excretion of a sodium load observed in patients with essential hypertension may be related to a reduced activity of the renin system.

Saluretics have a hypotensive effect and, similarly, dietary sodium restriction may affect experimental hypertension in rats. Removal of the clamped kidney is followed by a fall in elevated blood pressure in the presence of the contralateral kidney, but it does not exert such an effect in the unilaterally nephrectomized rat. However, removal of the clip normalises hypertension, and simultaneously a transient increase occurs in sodium chloride excretion. These observations indicate that in the first case the activated renin system in the ischaemic kidney is, at least in part, responsible for the development and maintenance of hypertension, whereas in the unilaterally nephrectomized rat, sodium retention and increase in extracellular fluid volume are of significance. On the other hand, only exceptionally was an antihypertensive effect demonstrable with angiotensin. Studies with angiotensin antagonists or renin inhibitors are not conclusive so far, but they suggest that the renin-angiotensin system has a part in the pathogenesis of certain types of renal hypertension.

Zusammenfassung

Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Hochdruck und Niere werden unter drei Aspekten besprochen: erstens der pathogenetischen Bedeutung der Niere für die Entstehung und Erhaltung des Hochdruckes, zweitens den Einwirkungen des chronisch erhöhten Blutdruckes auf Struktur und Funktion der Niere, und drittens der Möglichkeit, durch Eingriffe an der Niere oder Antagonisierung humoraler Faktoren renalen Ursprungs den Hochdruck zu beeinflussen.

Trotz zahlreichen neuen Befunden über das Verhalten des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems bei verschiedenen Hochdruckformen ist seine Rolle bei der Entstehung und Erhaltung des Hochdruckes noch nicht geklärt. Nach Drosselung einer Nierenarterie ist das Reninsystem nur stimuliert, wenn die kontralaterale Niere erhalten ist, dagegen nicht nach vorausgegangener unilateraler Nephrektomie oder weitergehender Verminderung der Nierenmasse. Nach unilateraler Nephrektomie und Drosselung der verbliebenen Nierenarterie nehmen extracelluläres Flüssigkeitsvolumen und Minutenvolumen initial zu, während in einem späteren Stadium der periphere Gesamtwiderstand auf Grund „autoregulatorischer“ Vorgänge ansteigt. Die bei 25% der Patienten mit essentiellem Hochdruck beobachtete verminderte Stimulierbarkeit des Reninsystems findet sich auch bei unilateral nephrektomierten normotonen Patienten und bei Patienten mit Nierentransplantat.

Bei chronisch erhöhtem Blutdruck steht die kontralaterale Niere unter einem höheren hydrostatischen Druck als die Niere mit gedrosselter Arterie, und dementsprechend unterscheiden sich die beiden Nieren hinsichtlich ihrer Funktion. Nach unilateraler Nephrektomie und Drosselung der verbliebenen Nierenarterie ist der Druck distal der Drossel ebenfalls niedriger als der systemische Blutdruck. Bei erhaltener kontralateraler Niere kann Übersteigen eines kritischen systolischen Druckwertes (>180 mm Hg) zu Natriumverlust und Zeichen eines malignen Hochdruckes führen. Die beim essentiellen Hochdruck beobachtete beschleunigte Ausscheidung von zugeführtem Natrium kann vielleicht mit einer verminderten Aktivität des Reninsystems in Zusammenhang stehen.

Gabe von Saluretika ruft eine Blutdrucksenkung hervor, und eine ähnliche Wirkung läßt sich experimentell unter natriumarmer Diät nachweisen. Entfernung der gedrosselten Niere ist bei Anwesenheit einer nicht gedrosselten kontralateralen Niere von raschem Blutdruckabfall gefolgt, während beim unilateral nephrektomierten Tier die Wegnahme der verbliebenen Niere den Hochdruck nicht normalisiert. Dagegen führt Entfernung der Arteriendrossel zu Druckabnahme und vorübergehend gesteigerter Ausscheidung von Kochsalz. Diese Beobachtungen sprechen dafür, daß im ersten Fall das aktivierte Reninsystem der gedrosselten Niere maßgebend an der Hochdruckentstehung und -erhaltung beteiligt ist, während beim unilateral nephrektomierten Tier eine Natriumretention und Zunahme des extracellulären Flüssigkeitsvolumens von Bedeutung sind. Andererseits ließ sich mit Antiangiotensin am Kaninchen und bei der Ratte nur ausnahmsweise eine drucksenkende Wirkung beim renalen Hochdruck erzielen. Versuche mit Angiotensin-Antagonisten und Renininhibitoren erlauben noch keine bindenden Schlüsse, weisen aber auf die pathogenetische Bedeutung des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems in der Entstehungsphase bestimmter Formen des renalen Hochdruckes hin.

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Gross, F. Niere und Hochdruck. Klin Wochenschr 50, 621–635 (1972). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01487077

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