Abstract
The structure of quasi-energy surfaces, i.e. of quasi-energies as functions of external parameters like the laser frequency, laser intensity, atomic distances etc., is discussed and avoided crossings are traced to the existence of diabolical points at the origin of doublecone structures. The notion of non-contractable closed loops produces non-trivial Berry-phases. We then consider the interaction of atomic or molecular systems with relatively short smooth pulses and find that avoided crossings and, hence, diabolical points essentially, dominate non-adiabatic effects; away from avoided crossings the system evolves adiabatically in Floquet states, phases picked up during this motion lead to a new interference phenomenon which we study numerically in an appropriately simplified model. A scenario for the measurement of Berry phases is proposed which is linked to this interference in an essential manner; its eventual feasibility stems from the fact that at least two external parameters can be freely tuned in laser-atom (molecule) systems.
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Breuer, H.P., Dietz, K. & Holthaus, M. The role of avoided crossings in the dynamics of strong laser field — matter interactions. Z Phys D - Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 8, 349–357 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01437101
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01437101