Skip to main content
Log in

Toxicological analysis of the psychotropic drugs chlorpromazine and diazepam using chemically fixed organ tissues

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Legal Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Toxicological analysis for chlorpromazine and diazepam was performed using chemically fixed organ tissue specimens. After chlorpromazine and diazepam had been injected into rabbits, organ tissues (brain, lung, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle) were collected and fixed in 3 fixative solutions: buffered 10% formalin solution (pH 7.4, 10% BF), non-buffered 10% formalin solution (pH 5.1, 10% non-BF), buffered 4% paraformaldehyde solution (pH 7.4, 4% BPA). Chlorpromazine and diazepam were determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) after 5 different fixation periods, and were detected even after 28 days of fixation. Recoveries of chlorpromazine and diazepam in 10% BF were within the range 48–86% and 68–171%, respectively after 28-day fixation, those in 10% non-BF were 22–54% and 48–78%, respectively, and those in 4% BPA solution were 13–59% and 14–50%, respectively. Thus, 10% BF was found to be the most suitable fixation medium for analysis of chlorpromazine and diazepam.

Zusammenfassung

Chlorpromazin- und Diazepamgehalte aus fixiertem Organmaterial wurden bestimmt. Nach intravenöser Gabe von Chlorpromazin und Diazepam an neun Kaninchen, wurde Organmaterial (Gehirn, Lunge, Leber, Niere und Skelettmuskulatur) entnommen und nach drei unterschiedlichen Verfahren fixiert: 1. gepufferte (pH=7.4), 10%ige Formalin-Lsg., (10% BF); 2. ungepufferte (pH=5.1), 10%ige Formalin-Lsg., (10% nonBF) und 3. gepufferte (pH=7.4), 4%ige Paraformaldehyd-Lsg. (4% BPA). Nach 28 Tagen Fixierung wurden die Chlorpromazin- und Diazepamgehalte gaschromatographisch mit massenspezifischer Detektion (GC-MS) bestimmt. Die Wiederfindungsraten für Chlorpromazin und Diazepam lagen für die erste Variante (10% BF) zwischen 48–86% bzw. 68–171%, für die zweite Variante (10% non-BF) zwischen 22–54% bzw. 48–78% und für die dritte Fixierungsart (4% BPA) zwischen 13–59% bzw. 14–50%. Die Fixierung mit gepuffertem, 10%igem Formalin war die geeigneteste Fixierungsvariante zur anschlißenden Bestimmung von Chlorpromazin und Diazepam aus fixiertem Organmaterial.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Tsoukali-Paradopoulou H (1987) Elucidation of a poisoning case from the analysis of formalin in which brain tissue was preserved. Forensic Sci Int 34: 63–65

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kuo T, Kuo C (1988) Determination of paraquat from formalin-fixed tissue. Forensic Sci Int 38: 243–249

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Takayasu T, Ohshima T, Nishigami J, Kondo T, Lin Z, Ohtuji M, Nagano T (1994) Toxicological analysis for drugs and poisons using the formalin-fixed organ tissues -1. Methamphetamine. Jpn J Leg Med 48: 33–37

    Google Scholar 

  4. Investigation Committee of the Medico-Legal Society of Japan (1991) Reports on medico-legal data from the massive-investigation performed by the medico-legal society of Japan — A statistical study of death by poisoning. Jpn J Leg Med 45: 258–262

    Google Scholar 

  5. Winek CL (1985) Drug and chemical bloodlevel data 1985. Fisher Scientific Litho, USA

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baselt RC, Cravey RH (1989) Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man. 3rd edn Chlorpromazine. Year book medical publishers, Chicago London Boca Raton Littleton, pp 177–182

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cardauns H, Iffland R (1973) Ober eine tödliche diazepam (Valium®) Vergiftung bei einem drogenabhängigen Jugendlichen. Arch Toxicol 31: 147–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Dennis J (1972) Reactions of aldehydes with unsaturated fatty acids during histological fixation. Histochem J 4: 421–465

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Yokogawa K, Nakashima E, Ishizaki J, Maeda H, Nagano T, Ichimura F (1990) Relationships in the structure-tissue distribution of basic drugs in the rabbit. Pharm Res 7: 691–696

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Dealing RJ, Briglia EJ, Cortivo LAD, Bidanset JH (1990) The production of amitriptyline from nortriptyline in formaldehydecontaining solutions. J Anal Toxicol 14: 325–326

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Winek CL, Zaveri NR, Wahba WW (1993) The study of tricyclic antidepressants in formalin-fixed human liver and formalin solutions. Forensic Sci Int 61: 175–183

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Winek CL, Esposito FM, Cinicola DP (1990) The stability of several compounds in formalin-fixed tissues and formalinblood solutions. Forensic Sci Int 44: 159–168

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kudo K, Nagata T, Kimura K, Imamura T, Noda M (1988) Sensitive determination of diazepam and N-desmethyldiazepam in human material using capillary gas chromatographymass spectrometry. J Chromatogr 431: 353–359

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Nishigami, J., Takayasu, T. & Ohshima, T. Toxicological analysis of the psychotropic drugs chlorpromazine and diazepam using chemically fixed organ tissues. Int J Leg Med 107, 165–170 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01428398

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01428398

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation