Summary
Simultaneous measurements of spinal cord blood flow and arterial diameter at areas adjacent to a site of spinal cord injury were carried out to determine changes in CO2 reactivity and autoregulation. The spinal cord injury was made at T10 level by the epidural clip compression method. A spinal window was drilled at an area either 7 mm caudal or 7 mm rostral to the injury site for the measurement of spinal cord blood flow and arterial diameter at the same time. Spinal cord blood flow was decreased at both spinal windows, especially at the rostral window. Arterial diameter was also decreased significantly at both sites. The ischaemic zone evaluated histologically tended to expand more diffusely in the rostral direction than in the caudal direction.
In the pre-injury stage, both CO2 reactivity and autoregulation were present in the spinal cord. Following the clip injury, CO2 reactivity and autoregulation were both impaired in the areas 7 mm adjacent to the impact site. Correlation coefficients suggested that the rostral spinal cord tended to sustain more injury than the caudal spinal cord.
The histologically proven spinal cord ischaemia following the injury may have resulted from the decreased arterial diameter and impaired CO2 reactivity and dysautoregulation of the spinal cord.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen GS, Ahn MS, Preziosi TJ, Battye R, Boone SC, Chou SN, Kelly DL, Weir BK, Crabbe RA, Lavik PL, Rosenbloom SB, Dorsey FC, Ingram CR, Mellits DZ, Bertsch LA, Boisvert D, Hundley MB, Johnson RK, Strom JOA, Transon CR (1983) Cerebral arterial spasm: a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 308: 619–624
Balentine JD, Paris DU (1978) Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. I. The necrotic lesion as a function of vascular injury. Lab Invest 39: 236–253
Bingham WG, Goldman H, Friedman SJ, Murphy S, Vashon D, Hunt WH (1975) Blood flow in normal and injured monkey spinal cord. J Neurosurg 43: 162–171
Collmann J, Wullenweber R, Sprung Ch, Duisberg R (1978) Spinal cord blood flow after experimental trauma in the dog II. Early changes of spinal cord blood flow in the surrounding area of a traumatic lesion. In: Cervos-Navarro J (ed) Advances in neurology, Vol 20. Raven, New York, pp 443–449
Dirnagl U, Pulsinelli W (1990) Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in experimental focal brain ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 10: 327–336
Ducker TB, Kindt GW (1971) The effect of trauma on the vasomotor control of spinal cord blood flow. Curr Top Sur Res 3: 163–171
Duncan EG, Lemaire C, Armstrong RL, Tator CH, Potts DG, Linden RD (1992) High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of experimental spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosurgery 31: 510–519
Faden AI, Jacobs TP, Smith MT (1984) Evaluation of the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in experimental spinal cord ischemia. J Neurosurg 60: 796–799
Fehling MG, Tator CH, Linden RD (1989) The effect of nimodipine and dextran on axonal function and blood flow following experimental spinal cord injury. Neurosurg 71: 403–416
Flohr H, Poll W, Brock M (1971) Regulation of spinal cord blood flow. In: Russell RWR (ed) Brain and blood flow. Pitman, London, pp 406–409
Griffiths IR (1973) Spinal cord blood flow in dogs: the effect of blood pressure. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 36; 914–929
Haghighi SS, Stiens T, Oro JJ, Madsen R (1993) Evaluation of the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine after experimental spinal cord injury. Surg Neurol 39: 403–408
Hickey R, Albin MS, Bunegin L, Gelineau J (1986) Autoregulation of spinal cord blood flow: Is the cord a microcosm of the brain? Stroke 17: 1183–1189
Kalfas I, Wilberger J, Goldberg A, Prosko R (1988) Magnetic resonance imaging in acute spinal cord trauma. Neurosurgery 23: 295–299
Kindt GW (1971/72) Autoregulation of spinal cord blood flow. Eur Neurol 6: 19–23
Kobrine AI, Koyle TF, Kartins AN (1975) Local spinal cord blood flow in experimental traumatic myelopathy. J Neurosurg 42: 144–149
Kobrine AI, Doyle TF, Rizzoli HV (1976) Spinal cord blood flow as affected by changes in systemic arterial blood pressure. J Neurosurg 44: 12–15
Koyanagi I, Tator CH, Theriault E (1993) Silicone rubber microangiography of acute spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosurgery 32: 260–268
Koyanagi I, Tator CH, Lea PJ (1993) Three dimensional analysis of the vascular system in the rat spinal cord with scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Part 2: acute spinal cord injury. Neurosurgery 33: 285–292
Mizutani M, Yamamuro T, Shikata J (1988) Vasomotion in normal and injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol 101: 256–266
Rivlin AS, Tator CH (1978) Regional spinal cord blood flow in rats after severe cord trauma. J Neurosurg 49: 844–853
Pointillart V, Grense D, Gross C, Bidabe AM, Gin AM, Rivel J, Caille JM, Senegas J (1993) Effects of nimodipine on post-traumatic spinal cord ischemia in baboons. J Neurotrauma 10: 201–213
Sandler AN, Tator CH (1976) Effect of acute spinal cord compression injury on regional spinal cord blood flow in primates. J Neurosurg 45: 660–676
Sasaki S, Schneider H, Renz S (1978) Microcirculatory disturbances during the early phase following experimental spinal cord trauma in the rat. In: Cervos-Navarro J (ed) Advances in neurology, Vol 20. Raven, New York, pp 423–431
Sasaki S (1982) Vascular change in the spinal cord after impact injury in the rat. Neurosurgery 10: 360–363
Schouman-Claeys E, Frija G, Cuenod CA, Begon D, Paraire F, Martin V (1990) MR imaging of acute spinal cord injury: results of an experimental study in dogs. AJNR 11: 959–969
Senter H, Venes JL (1979) Loss of autoregulation and posttraumatic ischemia following experimental spinal cord trauma. J Neurosurg 50: 198–206
Shimizu K, Phta T, Toda N (1980) Evidence for greater susceptibility of isolated dog cerebral arteries to Ca antagonists than peripheral arteries. Stroke 11: 261–266
Silberstein M, Tress BM, Hennessy O (1992) Prediction of neurologic outcome in acute spinal cord injury. The role of CT and MR. AJNR 13: 1597–1608
Tally PW, Sundt TM, Anderson RE (1989) Improvement of cortical perfusion, intracellular pH, and electrocorticography by nimodipine during transient focal cerebral ischemia. Neurosurgery 24: 80–87
Wallace MC, Tator CH, Frazee P (1986) Relationship between posttraumatic ischemia and hemorrhage in the injured rat spinal cord as shown by colloidal carbon angiography. Neurosurgery 18: 433–439
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ohashi, T., Morimoto, T., Kawata, K. et al. Correlation between spinal cord blood flow and arterial diameter following acute spinal cord injury in rats. Acta neurochir 138, 322–329 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01411744
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01411744