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The use of 20 per cent mannitol in neurosurgery and neurological emergencies

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Summary

Twenty per cent mannitol solution was administered 29 times to 27 patients undergoing craniotomy. It proved to be effective in lowering durai tension, in facilitating lobe displacement and in reversing cerebral swelling. The effective dose was around 1 gm./kg.; larger amounts, as well as repeated doses, could be given without harmful consequences. The effect became noticeable ten to fifteen minutes after the infusion started.

When used without surgery (27 cases, 40 administrations), mannitol could often reverse a tendency to fall into coma. The results were most striking in cases of brain tumour or with verified post-operative or traumatic oedema. It failed in some cases of severe brain contusion, haemorrhage, deeply infiltrating glioma, multiple metastases, and recurrent malignant tumour.

Fair results were obtained in inflammatory and vascular conditions.

Twenty per cent mannitol should be regarded in neurosurgery as the safest of the reliable osmotic agents and deserves to be studied further in acute neurological conditions, with particular reference to neurological emergencies.

Zusammenfassung

20% ige Mannitol-Lösung war bei 27 Patienten 29mal während Trepanationen angewendet worden. Es erwies sich als wirksam bezüglich der Senkung der Duraspannung, der Erleichterung des Anhebens von Frontaloder Ternporallappen und der Beeinflussung von Hirnödem. Die wirksame Dosis lag bei 1 g/kg; größere Mengen und auch wiederholte Anwendungen waren ohne schädigende Folgen möglich. Die Wirkung wurde bereits 10 bis 15 Minuten nach Beginn der Infusion bemerkbar.

Wenn es unabhängig von operativen Eingriffen gegeben wurde (27 Fälle, 40 Anwendungen), konnte Mannitol oft ein drohendes Coma abwenden. Die Ergebnisse waren am eindruckvollsten bei Hirntumoren und bei posttraumatischem und postoperativem Ödem. Bei einigen Fällen von schwerer Hirnkontusion, Blutung, tief infiltrierenden Gliomen, multiplen Metastasen und Rezidiven von malignen Tumoren trat keine Besserung ein.

Gute Ergebnisse wurden erzielt bei entzündlichen und vasculären Erkrankungen.

20%iges Mannitol ist nach Ansicht der Autoren das Zuverlässigste von den zur Zeit verfügbaren osmotisch wirksamen Präparaten und sollte in Zukunft bei verschiedenen akuten neurologischen Erkrankungen, besonders bei neurologischen Notfallsituationen, geprüft werden.

Résumé

La solution de mannitol 20% a été administrée 29 fois à 27 patients soumis à une craniotomie. L'efficacité vient de l'abaissement de la tension dure-mérienne et de l'action sur l'oedème cérébral.

La dose efficace fut d'environ 1 mg/kg. Des quantités plus importantes ainsi que des doses répétées peuvent être données sans conséquences nuisibles. L'effet devint net déjà dix à quinze minutes après le début de l'infusion. Employé en dehors de la chirurgie (27 cas, 40 administrations) le mannitol s'oppose souvent à la tendance à tomber dans le coma. Les résultats furent frappants dans des cas de tumeur cérébrale ou d'oedème post-opératoire ou traumatique constaté. Cela ne réussit pas dans certains cas de graves contusions cérébrales, hémorragie, gliome s'infiltrant profondément, métastases multiples, récidive de tumeur maligne. De bons résultats ont été obtenus dans des affections inflammatoires et vasculaires.

On doit faire entrer en pratique le mannitol 20% en neurochirurgie comme le plus sûr des agents osmotiques dignes de confiance et il mérite d'être expérimente d'une façon plus poussée dans des conditions neurologiques délicates en se rapportant particulièrement aux urgences neurologiques.

Riassunto

II mannitolo al 20%, somministrato 29 volte a 27 pazienti in corso di intervento endocranico, dimostrò di possedere una notevole efficacia nel ridurre la tensione durale, nel facilitare la reclinazione dei lobi frontale o temporale e nel combattere l'edema cerebrale intraoperatorio. La dose utile era intorno a 1 gm kg: dosi maggiori poterono essere date senza danno, anche ripetutamente. L'effetto ipotensivo cerebrale era avvertibile già dieci-quindici minuti dopo l'inizio della fleboclisi.

Nelle applicazioni extraoperatorie (27 pazienti, 40 somministrazioni), il mannitolo provocò più volte il risveglio o l'alleggerimento del coma in pazienti che stavano progressivamente peggiorando. Questo risultato si ottenne con particolare evidenza in casi di processi espansivi endocranici e di edema postoperatorio o traumatico accertato. Si registrarono fallimenti in alcuni casi di grave contusione od emorragia cerebrale, di glioma infiltrante le strutture profonde, di metastasi multiple, di recidiva di tumori maligni.

Discreti risultati si ebbero nel trattamento di lesioni infiammatorie o vascolari dell'encefalo.

Il mannitolo al 20% va considerato il più sicuro dei preparati ad azione osmotica utili per la neurochirurgia; esso merita di essere ulteriormente sperimentato in varie malattie neurologiche acute, in particolare nelle situazioni di urgenza.

Resumen

La solución de manitol al 20% fé administrada 29 veces en 27 enfermos sometidos a una craniectomía, demostró ser notablemente eficaz para reducir la tensión durai; facilitar el rechazamiento de los lóbulos frontales o temporales y combatir el edema cerebral. La dosis eficaz era alrededor de I gramo por Kilo de peso: dosis mayores pueden ser empleadas sin peligro, incluso repetidamente. El efecto hipotensivo cerebral podía observarse a los diez o quince minutos de la perfusión.

En su aplicación fuera de la cirurgia (27 enfermos, 40 dosis), el manitol evitó algunas veces la tendencia al coma en enfermos que iban empeorando progresivamente. Los resultados fueron particularmente evidentes en casos de tumores cerebrales ó edema postoperatorio o traumático comprobado. Los resultados no fueron satisfactorios en algunos casos de graves contusiones cerebrales, o hemorragias, gliomas infiltrantes profundos, metástasis multiples, tumores malignos recidivados.

Se obtuvieron discretos resultados en el tratamiento de lesiones inflamatorias o vasculares del encéfalo.

El manitol al 20% puede considerarse como el más seguro de los preparados de acción osmótica útil en neurocirugía; por ello debe ser ulteriormente experimentado en diversas enfermedades neurológicas agudas y en particular en los casos urgentes.

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Rossanda, M., Di Giugno, G. & Dorizzi, A. The use of 20 per cent mannitol in neurosurgery and neurological emergencies. Acta neurochir 12, 587–604 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405804

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