Abstract
Different procedures of solid-phase extraction were re-examined and a new solid-phase extraction procedure was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine in plasma and whole blood. The effects of different types of sorbent and buffer solutions on the recoveries and purity of the extracts were also studied. Some preparation techniques on whole blood samples were also investigated. The method developed using Chromabond C18 (100) with spiked plasma samples had good recoveries for all opiates of interest: morphine 93.1% ± 7.4%, 6-monoacetylmorphine 68.0% ± 6.7%, codeine 77.0% ±8.3% and dihydrocodeine 67.9% ± 8.4%. The detection limit of all compounds was less than 5 μg/L. The blank plasma showed no interfering peaks in the GC/MS-analysis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bruchhausen F von, Ebel S, Frahm A, Hackenthal E (1993) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bd 7 and 8. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York
Chen XH, Wijsbeek J, van Veen J, Franke JP, de Zeeuw RA (1990) Solid-phase extraction for the screening of acidic, neutral and basic drugs in plasma using a single column procedure on Bond Elut Certify. J Chromatogr 529:161–166
Chen XH, Wijsbeek J, Franke JP, de Zeeuw RA (1992) A single-column procedure on Bond Elut Certify for systematic toxocological analysis drugs in plasma and urine. J Forensic Sci 37:61–71
Chen XH, Franke JP, Wijsbeek J, de Zeeuw RA (1992) Isolation of acidic, neutral and basic drugs from whole blood using a single mixed-mode solid-phase extraction. J Anal Toxicol 16:351–355
Chen XH, Hommerson ALC, Zweipfennig PGM, Franke JP, Harmen-Boverhof CW, Ensing K, de Zeeuw RA (1993) Solid phase extraction of morphine from whole blood by means of Bond Elut Certify columns. J Forensic Sci 38:668–676
Cone EJ, Welch P, Mitchell JM, PaulBD (1991) Forensic drug testing for opiates: I. Detection of 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine as an indicator of recent heroin exposure; Drug and assay considerations and detection times. J Anal Toxicol 15:1–7
Cone EJ, Welch P, Paul BD, Mitchell JM (1991) Forensic drug testing for opiates: III. Urinary excretion rates of morphine and codeine following codeine administration. J Anal Toxicol 15:161–166
Fehn J, Megges G (1985) Detection of O-6-monoacetylmorphine in urine samples by GC/MS as an evidence for heroin use. J Anal Toxicol 9:134–138
Forth W, Henschler D, Rummel W, Starke K (1992) Allgemeine and Spezielle Pharmakologie und Toxikologie. 6. Auflage BI Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim Wien Zurich
Hanisch W, Meyer L von (1993) Determination of the heroin metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. J Anal Toxicol 17:48–50
Huang W, Andollo W, Hearn W L (1992) A solid phase extraction technique for the isolation and identification of opiates in urine. J Anal Toxicol 16:307–310
Inturrisi CE, Max MB, Foley KM, Schultz M, Shin SU, Houde RW (1984) The pharmacokinetics of heroine in patients with chronic pain. N Engl J Med 310:1213–1217
Musch G, Massart D L (1988) Isolation of basic drugs using solid-phase extraction with a cyanopropyl bonded phase. J Chromatogr 432:209–222
Musshoff F, Daldrup T (1993) Evaluation of a method for simultaneous quantification of codeine, dihydrocodeine, morphine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in serum, blood and postmortem blood. Int J Legal Med 106:107–109
Nakamura GR, Thornton JI, Noguchi TT (1975) Kinetics of heroin deacetylation in aqueous alkaline solution and in human serum and whole blood. J Chromatogr 110:81–89
Papadoyannis I, Zotou A, Samanidou V, Theodoridis G, Zougrou F (1993) Comparative study of different of different solidphase extraction cartridges in the simultaneous RP-HPLC analysis of morphine and codeine in biological fluids. J Liquid Chromatogr 16:3017–3040
Schuberth J, Schuberth J (1989) Gas-chromatographic massspectrometric determination of morphine, codeine and 6-monoacetylmorphine in blood extracted by solid phase. J Chromatogr 490:444–449
Svensson JO, Rane A, Säve J, Sjöqvist F (1982) Determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide and (tentatively) morphine-6-glucuronide in plasma and urine using ion-pair high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 230:427–432
Wu AHB, Onogbinde TA, Wong SS, Johnson KG (1992) Evaluation of full-scanning GC/ion trap MS analysis of NIDA drugs-of-abuse urine testing in urine. J Anal Toxicol 16:202–206
Worldwide Monitoring (1994) Bonded Phase Extraction Sorbents. United Chemical Technologies, Bristol/PA, USA
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Geier, A., Bergemann, D. & von Meyer, L. Evaluation of a solid-phase extraction procedure for the simultaneous determination of morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, codeine and dihydrocodeine in plasma and whole blood by GC/MS. Int J Leg Med 109, 80–83 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01355521
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01355521