Abstract
This theoretical paper links prevention activities and wellness activities in a context of social action. It attempts to define prevention by describing the essential characteristics of the prevention process. Six characteristics are identified: proactive, generic, developmental, experiential, systemic, and collaborative. A number of prevention programs which appear to illustrate one or more of these characteristics are cited. The need for such a process as an approach to many contemporary individual and social problems is assumed. The author's intention is to provide program planners and funders with a usable theoretical base for developing and evaluating specific programs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References Notes
Haddix, P. Interdisciplinary drug resource team: A collaborative problem-response model. Unpublished manusript, 1980. (Available from Milwaukee Public Schools, P.O. Drawer 10-K, Milwaukee, WI 53201).
Lofquist, W.A. Personal communication, August 11–12, 1980.
Wappes, G., Oldham, G., & Fox, K. “Operationalizing Primary Prevention,” Workshop, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 15–20, 1978.
Watanabe, S. A Family Systems Assessment Schema. Unpublished manuscript, 1972. (Available from the Center for Family Studies/The Family Institute of Chicago, Ten East Huron, Chicago, IL 60611).
Milwaukee Planning Council for Mental Health and Social Services.Summary of primary prevention framework. Milwaukee: Author, 1978.
Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services.Positive youth development: A community approach for the prevention of youth problems. Madison: Author, 1979.
References
Albee, G.W. Politics, power, prevention, and social change. In J.M. Joffe & G.W. Albee (Eds.),Prevention through political action and social change. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1980.
Ardell, D.B.High level wellness: An alternative to doctors, drugs and disease. Emmauas, PA: Rodale Press, 1977.
Bloom, B.L. The evaluation of primary prevention programs. In L.M. Roberts, N.S. Greenfield, & M.H. Miller (Eds.),Comprehensive mental health: The challenge of evaluation. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1968.
Bloom, M. A working definition of primary prevention related to social concerns.Journal of Prevention 1980,1 (1), 15–23.
Bowen, M.Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson, 1978.
Carver, J. Prevention: Begin at the beginning.Mental Hygiene, 1977, Winter, 7–10.
Cowen, E.L. Primary prevention misunderstood.Social Policy 1977,6(6), 20–27.
Dimas, G.C.Alcohol education in Oregon schools: A topic outline and resource unit for teachers. Portland: Alcohol and Drug Section, Mental Health Division, Board of Control, 1968.
Doughton, M.J. People power: An alternative to runaway bureaucracy.The Futurist 1980,14(2), 13–22.
Feather, F. Transition to harmonic globalism. In F. Feather (Ed.),Through the '80's: Thinking globally, acting locally. Washington D.C.: World Future Society, 1980.
French, J.F., Kaufman, N.J., & Burns, L.S.Prevention evaluation guidelines. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.
Gilmore, G. Planning for family wellness.Health Education. 1979,10(5), 12–16.
Glenn, H.S., & Warner, J.W.The developmental approach to preventing problem dependencies. Bloomington, IN: Social Systems Press, 1975.
Haley, J.Strategies of psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1963.
Havelock, R.G., & Havelock, M.C.Training for change agents: A guide to the design of training programs in education and other fields. Ann Arbor, MI: The University Michigan Press, 1973.
Jackson, D.D. (Ed.).Communication, family and marriage: Human communication. (Vol. 1). Palo Alto: Science & Behavior Books, 1968a.
Jackson, D.D. (Ed.).Therapy communication and change: Human communication. (Vol. 2). Palo Alto: Science & Behavior Books, 1968b.
Kelly, J.G. Toward an ecological conception of preventive intervention. In J.W. Carter (Ed.),Resource contributions from psychology to community mental health. New York: Behavioral Publications, 1968.
Kelly, J.G., Munoz, R.F., & Snowden, L.R. Characteristics of community research projects and the implementation process. In R.F. Munoz, L.R. Snowden, J.G. Kelly & Associates (Eds.)Social and psychological research in community settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Kramer, C.H.Beginning phase of family treatment. Chicago: The Family Institute of Chicago, 1968.
Lofquist, W.A. The prevention formula.The Arizona Technical Assistance Review 1978,1(4), 6–8.
Lofquist, W.A. Community development: An introduction to an important human service function.New Designs for Youth Development 1980,1(3), 20–23.
McCulloh, P. The ecological model: A framework for prevention.Journal of Prevention 1980,1(1), 35–48.
Moos, R.H.The human context: Environmental determinants of behavior. New York: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1976.
Moos, R.H. Improving social settings by social climate measurement and feedback. In R.F. Munoz, L.R. Snowden, J.G. Kelly & Associates (Eds.),Social and psychological research in community settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Perlman, A., Kaufman, N.J., Early, C.E.Prevention evaluation reference package. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1979.
Rogers, C.Carl Rogers on personal power. New York: Dell, 1977.
Satir, V.M.Conjoint family therapy. Palo Alto: Science & Behavior Books, Inc. 1964.
Schaps, E., DiBartolo, R., Moskowitz, J., Palley, C.S., & Churgin, S.A review of 127 drug abuse prevention program evaluations. Lafayette, CA: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1980.
Shure, M.B. Training children to solve interpersonal problems: A preventive mental health program. In R.F. Munoz, L.R. Snowden, J.G. Kelly & Associates (Eds.),Social and psychological research in community settings. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1979.
Toffler, A. The psychology of the future. In A. Toffler (Ed.),Learning for tomorrow: The role of the future in education. New York: Random House, 1974.
Toffler, A.The Third Wave. New York: William Morrow, 1980.
Von Bertolanffy, L.General systems theory. New York: George Braziller, 1968.
Williams, A.S. Leadership issues: Theory and practice.New Designs for Youth Development 1980,1(4), 4–7.
Additional information
Charles T. Adam is a Human Relations Consultant. Reprint requests may be sent to the author at 5560 N. Iroquois, Glendale, WI 53217. The author thanks the following persons for their assistance in the development of this paper: James Anathan, Lowell Grottveit, Fred Matzke, Jeanne Metzig, chair, and Barbara Rudolph, who served on the Prevention Committee of the Wisconsin Council of Voluntary Family and Children's Agencies.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Adam, C.T. A descriptive definition of primary prevention. J Primary Prevent 2, 67–79 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01333744
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01333744