Abstract
A survey of directors of midlevel practitioner training programs was conducted to analyze the projected impact of the Rural Health Clinics Services Bill (PL95-210). Sixty-eight percent of the directors responded. The majority of the respondents agreed that the bill would have a positive impact on accessibility and continuity of care and would increase the number of practitioners in rural areas. The directors of nurse practitioner programs disagreed with the directors of physician assistant programs over the issue of physician supervision and midlevel practitioner responsibility for care. Almost half of the respondents believed that the legislated method of reimbursment was not optimal, and 58% felt that financial abuses of the bill may occur. The legal implications of the bill and its impact on cost of care are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Roemer MI:Rural Health Care. St. Louis, CV Mosby Co, 1976.
Kennedy VC: Rural access to a regular source of medical care.J Community Health 4 199–203, 1979.
National Center for Health Statistics:Vital Statistics of the United States, 1975. DHEW Publication No (PHS) 78-1113, 1978.
Salber EJ, Greene SB, Feldman JJ, et al: Access to health care in a southern rural community.Med Care 14 971–986, 1976.
Kleinman JC, Wilson RW: Are “medically underserved” areas medically underserved?Health Serv Res 12 147–162, 1977.
Andersen R, Aday LA: Access to medical care in the United States: Realized and potential.Med Care 16 533–546, 1978.
Bureau of Health Manpower (Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee):Supply and Distribution of Physicians and Physician Extenders. Hyattsville, Md, Bureau of Health Manpower, Health Resources Administration, 1978. (DHEW Publication No (HRA) 78–11).
Institute of Medicine:A Manpower Policy for Primary Care. Washington, DC, National Academy of Sciences, 1978.
Scheffler RM, Yoder SG, Weisfeld N, et al: Physicians and new health practitioners: Issues for the 1980's.Inquiry 16 195–229, 1979.
Kane R, Dean M, Solomon M: An evaluation of rural health care research.Eval Quart 3 139–189, 1979.
Bliss AA, Cohen ED:The New Health Professionals. Germantown, Md, Aspen Systems Corp, 1977.
Kane RL, Wilson WM: The new health practitioners—The past as prologue.West J Med 127 254–261, 1977.
Kane RL (ed):New Health Practitioners. DHEW Publication No NIH 75–875. Government Printing Office, 1975.
Perry HB: Physician assistance: An overview of an emerging profession.Med Care 15 982–990, 1977.
Brooks EF, Graham RM: The problems, achievements and future of new health practitioners in rural health centers. Presented at the 107th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association, New York, November 7, 1979.
Physician Extenders: Their Current and Future Role in Medical Care Delivery. The Congress of the United States: Congressional Budget Office. April, 1979.
Coverage and reimbursement of rural health clinics services.Federal Register 43 (41) 8258–8265, March, 1978.
Jennings CP: Third party reimbursement and the nurse practitioner.Nurse Pract 2 (5): 11–13, 1977.
Dachelet CZ, Sullivan JA: Autonomy in practice.Nurse Pract 4 (2): 15–19, 22, 1979.
Rushing WA, Miles DL: Physicians, physicians' assistants and the social characteristics of patients in Southern Appalachia.Med Care 15 1004–1013, 1977.
Breslau N: The role of the nurse practitioner in a pediatric team: Patient definitions.Med Care 15 1014–1023, 1977.
Fox JG, Zatkin SR: Third party payment for non-physician health practitioners: Realities and recommendations.Family and Commun Med 1 69–80, 1979.
Spitzer WO, Sackett DL, Sibley JC, et al: The Burlington randomized trial of the nurse practitioner.N Engl J Med 290 251–256, 1974.
Spector R, McGrath P, Alpert J, et al: Medical care by nurses in an internal medicine clinic: Analysis of quality and cost.JAMA 232 1234–1237, 1975.
Foye H, Chamberlain R, Charney E: Content and emphasis of well-child visits: Experienced nurse practitioners vs pediatricians.Am J Dis Child 131 794–797, 1977.
Chambers LW, Bruce-Lockhart P, Black DP, et al: A controlled trial of the impact of the family practice nurse on volume, quality and cost of rural health services.Med Care 15 971–981, 1977.
Sox HC: Quality of patient care by nurse practitioners and physicians' assistants: A ten year perspective.Ann Intern Med 91 459–468, 1979.
Miles DL, Rushing WA: A study of physicians' assistants in a rural setting.Med Care 14 987–995, 1976.
Blake RL, Guild PA: Mid-level practitioners in rural health care: A three year experience in Appalachia.J Community Health 4 15–22, 1987.
Greenfield S, Komaroff AL, Pass TM, et al: Efficiency and cost of primary care by nurses and physician assistants.N Engl J Med 298 305–309, 1978.
Kane RL, Olsen DM, Wilson WM, et al: Adding a Medex to the medical mix: An evaluation.Med Care 14 996–1003, 1976.
Tompkins RK, Wood RW, Wolcott BW, et al: The effectiveness and cost of acute respiratory illness medical care provided by physicians and algorithm-assisted physicians' assistants.Med Care 15 991–1003, 1977.
McCormack RC, Miller CW: The economic feasibility of rural group practice: Influence of nonphysician practitioners in primary care.Med Care 10 73–80, 1972.
Ekwo E, Daniels M, Oliver D, et al: The physician assistant in rural primary care practices: Physician assistant activities and physician supervision at satellite and non-satellite practice sites.Med Care 17 787–795, 1979.
Celentano DD: New health professional practice patterns.Med Care 16 837–847, 1978.
Sullivan JA, Dachelet CZ, Sultz HA, et al: The rural nurse practitioner: A challenge and a response.Am J Public Health 68 972–976, 1978.
Wirth P, Kahn L, Storm E: An analysis of 50 graduates of the Washington University Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Program Part 2: Determinants of geographic location.Nurse Pract 2 14–17, 1977.
Cooper JK, Heald K, Samuels M: The decision for rural practice.J Med Educ 47 939–944, 1972.
Perry HB: An analysis of the specialty and geographic location of physician assistants in the United States.Am J Public Health 68 1019–1021, 1978.
Light JA, Crain MJ, Fisher DW: Physician assistants: A profile of the profession, 1976.The PA Journal 7 (3): 109–123, 1977.
Lawrence DW, Wilson WM, Castle CH: The employment of Medex graduates and trainees: Five year progress report for the United States.JAMA 234 174–177, 1975.
Morris SB, Smith DB: The distribution of physician extenders.Med Care 15 1045–1057, 1977.
Bliss AA, Cohen ED: Issues confronting the new health professionals.J. Allied Health 7 64–71, 1978.
Howard DR, Ball JR: The legal and professional recognition of physician's assistants.Fed Bull 60 (7): 7–21, 1973.
Bullough B: The law and the expanding nursing role.Am J Public Health 66 249–254, 1976.
Leitch CJ, Mitchell ES: A state-by-state report: The legal accommodation of nurses practicing expanded roles.Nurse Pract J 2 (8): 19–22, 30, 1977.
Trandel-Korenchuk DM, Trandel-Korenchuk KM: How state laws recognize advanced nursing practice.Nurs Outlook 26 713–719, 1978.
Chapman MW, Record JC: Defensibility of new health professionals at law: A speculative paper.J Health Polit Policy and Law 4 30–48, 1979.
Storms DM, Fox JG: The public's view of physician assistants and nurse practitioners. A survey of Baltimore urban residents.Med Care 17 526–535, 1979.
Geyman JP: Is there a difference between nursing practice and medical practice?J Fam Pract 5 935–936, 1977.
Fottler MD: Physician attitudes towards physician extenders: A comparison of nurse practitioners and physician assistants.Med Care 17 536–549, 1979.
Mauksch IG: The nurse practitioner movement—where does it go from here?Am J Public Health 68 1074–1075, 1978.
Miller and Byrne, Inc.:Review and Analysis of State Legislation and Reimbursement Practices of Physician's Assistants and Nurse Practitioners. National Center for Health Services Research, 1978.
Levinson D: Roles, tasks, and practitioners.N Engl J Med 296 1291–1293, 1977.
Sullivan JA, Dachelet CZ, Sultz HA, et al: Overcoming barriers to the employment and utilization of the nurse practitioner.Am J Public Health 68 1097–1103, 1978.
American Medical Association Committee on Nursing. Medicine and nursing in the 1970's: A position statement.JAMA 213 1881–1883, 1970.
American Academy of Pediatrics: Academy policy in relation to the pediatric nurse associate.Pediatrics 57 467–486, 1976.
Moscovice I, Rosenblatt R: The viability of mid-level practitioners in isolated rural communities.Am J Public Health 69 503–505, 1979.
Kane RL, Olsen DM, Castle CH: Effects of adding a Medex on practice costs and product activity.J Community Health 3 216–226, 1978.
Lairson PD, Record JC, James JC: Physician assistants at Kaiser: Distinctive patterns of practice.Inquiry 11 207–219, 1974.
Haller MJ, Collins JF: A case report in a rural health center.J Fam Pract 6 (1): 143–147, 1978.
Rosenblatt RA, Huard B: The nurse practitioner as a physician substitute in a remote rural community: A case Study.Public Health Rep 94 571–576, 1979.
Zikmund WG, Miller SJ: A factor analysis of attitudes of rural health consumers toward nurse practitioners.Res in Nursing and Health 2 85–90, 1979.
Additional information
Dr. Rivara is with the Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, 3747 15th Avenue, N.E., Seattle, Washington 98105. The opinions expressed here are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Dr. Rivara would like to thank Dr. Noel Tichy for his encouragement to do the study and Dr. James P. LoGerfo for his helpful comments on the manuscript.
In this paper, NPs and PAs when grouped together will be referred to as “midlevel practitioners” MLPs).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rivara, F.P. Impact of the Rural Health Clinics Services Bill: A projection. J Community Health 6, 103–112 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01318979
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01318979