Summary
X-ray diffraction studies on single crystals of a few viruses have led to the elucidation of their three dimensional structure at near atomic resolution. Both the tertiary structure of the coat protein subunit and the quaternary organization of the icosahedral capsid in these viruses are remarkably similar. These studies have led to a critical re-examination of the structural principles in the architecture of isometric viruses and suggestions of alternative mechanisms of assembly. Apart from their role in the assembly of the virus particle, the coat proteins of certian viruses have been shown to inhibit the replication of the cognate RNA leading to cross-protection. The coat protein amino acid sequence and the genomic sequence of several spherical plant RNA viruses have been determined in the last decade. Experimental data on the mechanisms of uncoating, gene expression and replication of several classes of viruses have also become available. The function of the non-structural proteins of some viruses have been determined. This rapid progress has provided a wealth of information on several key steps in the life cycle of RNA viruses. The function of the viral coat protein, capsid architecture, assembly and disassembly and replication of isometric RNA plant viruses are discussed in the light of this accumulated knowledge.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abad-Zapatero C, Abdel-Meguid SS, Johnson JE, Leslie AGW, Rayment I, Rossmann MG, Suck D, Tsukihara T (1980) Structure of southern bean mosaic virus at 2.8 Å resolution. Nature 286: 33–39
Abad-Zapatero C, Abdel-Meguid SS, Johnson JE, Leslie AGW, Rayment I, Rossmann MG, Suck D, Tsukihara T (1981) Southern bean mosaic virus at 2.8 Å resolution. In: Balaban M, Sussmann JL, Traub W, Yonath A (eds) Structural aspects of recognition and assembly in biological macromolecules. Balaban ISS, Rehovot and Philadelphia, pp 831–848
Acharya R, Fry E, Stuart D, Fox G, Rowlands D (1989) The three-dimensional structure of foot and mouth disease virus at 2.9 Å resolution. Nature 337: 709–716
Ames BN, Dubin DT (1960) The role of polyamines in neutralization of bacteriophage deoxyribonucleic acid. J Biol Chem 235: 769–775
Argos P, Johnson JE (1984) Chemical stability in simple spherical plant viruses. In: Jurnak FA, McPherson A (eds) Biological marcomolecules and assemblies, vol 1, virus structures. Wiley, New York, pp 1–43
Arnold E, Luo M, Vriend G, Rossmann MG, Palmenberg AC, Parks GD, Nicklin MJH, Wimmer E (1987) Implications of the picornavirus capsid structure for polyprotein processing, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 21–25
Atabekov JG, Dorokhov YuL (1984) Plant virus-specific transport function and resistance of plants to viruses. Adv Virus Res 29: 313–364
Balint R, Cohen SS (1985) The incorporation of radiolabeled polyamines and Methionine into Turnip yellow mosaic virus in protoplasts from infected plants. Virology 144: 181–193
Balint R, Cohen SS (1985) The effects of dicyclohexylamine on polyamine biosynthesis and incorporation into turnip yellow mosaic virus in Chinese cabbage protoplasts infected in vitro. Virology 144: 194–203
Beer SV, Kosuge T (1970) Spermidine and sperminepolyamine components of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Virology 40: 930–938
Bol JF, Kraal B, Brederode FTh (1974) Limited proteolysis of alfalfa mosaic virus. Influence on the structural and biological function of the coat protein. Virology 58: 101–110
Bove C, Mocquot B, Bove JM (1972) Turnip yellow mosaic virus-RNA synthesis in plastids: partial purification of a virus specific, DNA-independent enzyme template complex. Symp Biol Hung 13: 43–59
Bove JM, Bove C, Rondot M-J, Morel G (1967) Chloroplasts and virus-RNA synthesis. In: Goodwin TW (ed) The biochemistry of chloroplasts, vol 2. Academic Press, New York, pp 329–339
Brisco MJ, Hull R, Wilson TMA (1985) Southern bean mosaic virus-specific proteins are synthesized in an in vitro system supplemented with intact, treated virions. Virology 143: 392–398
Brisco M., Hull R, Wilson TMA (1986) Swelling of isometric and baciliform plant virus nucleocapsids is required for virus-specific protein synthesis in vitro. Virology 148: 210–217
Butler PJG (1984) The current picture of the structure and assembly of tobacco mosaic virus. J Gen Virol 65: 253–279
Candresse T, Batisti M, Renaudin J, Mouches C, Bove JM (1987) Immunodetection of Turnip yellow mosaic virus non-structural proteins in infected Chinese cabbage leaves and protoplasts. Ann Inst Pasteur Virol 138: 217–227
Candresse T, Mouches C, Bove JM (1986) Characterization of the virus encoded subunit of turnip yellow mosaic virus replicase. Virology 152: 322–330
Carrington J-C, Morris TJ, Stockley PG, Harrison SC (1987) Structure and assembly of turnip crinckle virus IV: analysis of coat protein gene and implications of the subunit primary structure. J Mol Biol 194: 265–276
Caspar DLD (1956) Structure of bushy stunt virus. Nature 177: 476–477
Caspar DLD (1963) Assembly and stability of the tobacco mosaic virus particle. Adv Protein Chem 18: 37–121
Caspar DLD, Klug A (1962) Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 27: 1–24
Chambers TC, Francki RIB, Randles JW (1965) Fine structures of gladiolus virus. Virology 25: 15–21
Chidlow J, Tremaine JH (1971) Limited hydrolysis of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus by trypsin and chymotrypsin, Virology 43: 267–278
Chu PWG, Francki RIB (1979) The chemical subunit of tobacco ringspot virus coat protein. Virology 93: 398–412
Cohen SS (1981) Some studies on polyamines in normal and virus infected photosynthetic cells. In: Caldarera CM, Zappia V, Bachrach U (eds) Advances in polyamine research, vol 3. Raven, New York, pp 249–257
Cohen SS, Balint R, Sindhu RK (1981) The synthesis of polyamines from methionine in intact and disrupted leaf protoplasts of virus infected Chinese cabbage. Plant Physiol 68: 1150–1155
Cohen SS, Greenberg ML (1981) Spermidine, an intrinsic component of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 5470–5474
Cohen SS, McCormick FP (1979) Polyamines and virus multiplication. Adv Virus Res 24: 331–387
Colman PM, Tulloch PA, Shukla DD, Gough KH (1980) Particle and crystal symmetry of Erysimum latent virus. J Mol Biol 142: 263–268
Crick FHC, Watson JD (1956) Structure of small viruses Nature 177: 473–475
Cuillel M, Jacrot B, Zulauf M (1981) A T=1 capsid formed by protein of brome mosaic virus in the presence of trypsin. Virology 110: 63–72
Davies JW, Hull R (1982) Genome expression of plant positive-strand RNA viruses. J Gen Virol 61: 1–14
Deom CM, Oliver MJ, Beachy RN (1987) The 30 kilodalton gene product of tobacco mosaic virus potentiates virus movement. Science 237: 389–394
deZoeten GA (1981) Early events in plant virus infection. In: Maramorosch K, Harris KF (eds) Plant diseases and vectors. Academic Press, New York, pp 221–239
deZoeten GA, Fulton RW (1975) Understanding generates possibilities. Phytopathology 65: 221–222
deZoeten GA, Gaard G (1984) The presence of viral antigen in the apoplast of systematically virus infected plants. Virus Res 1: 713–725
Dorssers L, van Der Krol S, van Der Meer J, van Kammen A, Zabel P (1984) Purification of cowpea mosaic virus RNA replication complex: identification of a virus encoded 110,000 dalton polypeptide responsible for RNA chain elongation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81: 1951–1955
Dupin A, Peter R, Collot D, Das BC, Peter C, Bouillon P, Duranton H (1984) The primary structure of the eggplant mosaic virus. Acad Sci C 298: 219–221
Durham ACH (1978) The roles of small ions, especially calcium in virus disassembly, take over and transformation. Biomedicine 28: 307–314
Durham ACH, Hendry DA, von Wechmar MB (1977) Does calcium ion binding control plant virus assembly? Virology 77: 524–533
Durham ACH, Witz J, Bancroft JB (1984) The semipermeability of simple spherical virus capsids. Virology 133: 1–8
Erickson JW, Rossmann MG (1982) Assembly and crystallization of a T=1 icosahedral particle from trypsinized southern bean mosaic virus coat protein. Virology 116: 128–136
Fernado P, Bruening G (1986) Mechanism of resistance to plant viruses. Ann Rev Phytopathol 24: 355–381
Finch JT, Klug A (1966) Arrangement of protein subunits and distribution of nucleic acid in turnip yellow mosaic virus II. Electron microscope studies. J Mol Biol 15: 344–364
Finch JT, Crowther RA, Hendry DA, Struthers JK (1974) The structure of Nadaurelia capensis β-virus: the first example of a capsid with icosahedral surface symmetry T=4. J Gen Virol 24: 191–200
Fraenkel-Conrat H (1974) Plant viruses. In: Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR (eds) Comprehensive virology, vol 1. Plenum, New York, pp 63–120
Fraenkel-Conrat H (1983) RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 422–424
Francki RIB (1981) Plant virus taxonomy. In: Kurstak E (ed) Handbook of plant virus infections and comparative diagnosis. Elsevier/North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 3–16
Gaard G, deZoeten GA (1979) Plant virus uncoating as a result of virus cell wall interactions. Virology 96: 21–31
Garcia JA, Schrijvers L, Tan A, Vos P, Wellink J, Goldback R (1987) Proteolytic activity of the cowpea mosaic virus encoded 24K protein synthesized inE. coli. Virology 159: 67–75
Garnier M, Candresse T, Bove JM (1986) Immunocytochemical localization of TYMV-coded structural and non structural proteins by the protein A gold technique. Virology 151: 100–109
Garnier M, Mamoun R, Bove JM (1980) TYMV-RNA replication in vitro replicative intermediate is mainly single stranded. Virology 104: 357–374
Gerola FM, Bassi M, Favali MA, Betto E (1969) An electron microscope study of the penetration of tobacco mosaic virus into leaves following experimental inoculation. Virology 38: 380–386
Gibbs A (1969) Plant virus classification. Adv Virus Res 14: 263–328
Gibbs AJ, Harrison BD (1973) Eggplant mosaic virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No 124
Goldbach RW (1986) Molecular evolution of plant RNA viruses. Ann Rev Phytopathol 24: 289–310
Harris KF (1981) Arthropod and nematode vectors of plant viruses. Ann Rev Phytopathol 19: 391–426
Harrison BD, Murant AF (1977) Nematode transmissibility of pseudo-recombinant isolates of tomato black ring virus. Ann Appl Biol 86: 209–212
Harrison BD, Murant AF (1984) Involvement of virus-coded protein in the transmission of plant viruses by vectors. In: Mayo MA, Harrap KA (eds) Vectors in virus biology. Academic Press, London, pp 1–36
Harrison BD, Murant AF, Mayo MA, Roberts IM (1974) Distribution of determinants for symptom production, host range and nematode transmissibility between two RNA components of rosberry ring spot virus. J Gen Virol 22: 233–247
Harrison SC (1985) Principles of virus structure. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Chanock RM, Melnick JL, Roizman B, Shope RE (eds) Virology. Raven, New York, pp 27–44
Harrison SC (1983) Virus structure: high resolution perspectives. Adv Virus Res 28: 175–240
Harrison SC (1984) Multiple modes of subunits associated in the structures of simple spherical viruses. Trend Biochem Sci 9: 345–351
Harrison SC, Olson AJ, Schutt CE, Winkler FK, Bricogne G (1978) Tomato bushy stunt virus at 2.9 Å resolution. Nature 276: 368–373
Henriksson D, Tanis RJ, Tashian RE, Nyman PO (1981) Aminoacid sequence of the coat protein subunit in satellite tobacco necrosis virus. J Mol Biol 152: 171–179
Hermodson MA, Abad-Zapatero C, Abdel-Meguid SS, Pundak S, Rossmann MG, Tremaine JH (1982) Amino acid sequence of southern bean mosaic virus coat protein and its relation to the three dimensional structure of the virus. Virology 119: 133–149
Heuss KL, Mohana Rao JK, Argos P (1981) Crystallization of belladonna mottle virus. J Mol Biol 146: 629–633
Hiruki C (1987) The dianthovirus: a distinct group of isometric plant viruses with bipartite genome. Adv Virus Res 33: 257–300
Hogle JM, Chow M, Filman DJ (1985) Three dimensional structure of poliovirus at 2.9 Å resolution. Science 229: 1358–1365
Hogle JM, Maeda A, Harrison SC (1986) Structure and assembly of turnip crincle virus I. X-ray crystallographic structure analysis at 3.2 Å resolution. J Mol Biol 191: 625–638
Hopper P, Harrison SC, Sauer RT (1984) Structure of tomato bushy stunt virus. V. Coat protein sequence determination and its structural implications. J Mol Biol 177: 701–713
Horikoshi M, Nakayama M, Yamaoka N, Furusawa I, Shishiyama J (1987) Brome mosaic virus coat protein inhibits viral RNA synthesis in vitro. Virology 158: 15–19
Hosur MV, Schmidt T, Tucker RC, Johnson JE, Gallagher TM, Selling BH, Rueckert RR (1987) Structure of an insect virus at 3.0 Å resolution. Proteins Struct Funct Genet 2: 167–176
Houwing CJ, Jaspars EMJ (1986) Coat protein blocks the in vitro transcription of the virion RNAs of alfalfa mosaic virus. FEBS Lett 209: 284–288
Hull R, Maule AJ (1985) Virus multiplication. In: Francki RIB (ed) The plant viruses, vol 1, polyhedral virions with tripartite genomes. Plenum, New York, pp 83–115
Hung PP (1976) Assembly of spherical plant and bacterial viruses. In: Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR (eds) Comprehensive virology, vol 6. Plenum, New York, pp 65–102
Joshi S, Haenni A-L (1984) Strategies of expression and regulation of viral genes. FEBS Lett 177: 163–174
Kaper JM (1975) The chemical basis of virus structure dissociation and reassembly. North Holland, Amsterdam [Neuberger A, Tatin EL (ed) Frontiers of biology, vol 39]
Kiho Y, Abe T (1980) Modification of tobacco mosaic virus by polyornithine and lecithin. Microbiol Immunol 24: 617–628
Kiho Y, Abe T, Ohashi Y (1979) Dissassembly of tobacco mosaic virus by membrane lipid isolated from tobacco leaves and polyornithine. Microbiol Immunol 23: 1067–1076
Kingsbury DW (1988) Biological concepts in virus classification. Intervirol 29: 242–253
Klug A (1965) Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. II. Comments on other work. J Mol Biol 11: 424–431
Klug A, Finch JT (1968) Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. Analysis of tilting experiments in the electron microscope. J Mol Biol 31: 1–12
Klug A, Finch JT, Franklin RE (1957) The structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus: X-ray diffraction studies. Bioch Biophys Acta 25: 242–252
Klug A, Longley W, Leberman R (1966) Arrangement of protein subunits and the distribution of nucleic acid in turnip yellow mosaic virus I. X-ray diffraction studies. J Mol Biol 15: 315–343
Kurstak E (1981) Handbook of plant virus infections and comparative diagnosis. Elsevier/North Holland, Amsterdam
Kurtz-Firtsch C, Hirth L (1967) Premiers evenements de l'infection virale chez les plants. CR Acad Sci D 265: 220–223
Lafleche D, Bove C, Dupont G, Mouches C, Astier T, Garnier M, Bove JM (1972) Site of viral RNA replication in the cells of higher plants TYMV-RNA synthesis on the chloroplast outer membrane system. In: Proceedings 8th FEBS Meeting on RNA viruses/ribosomes 27: 43–71
Liljas L (1986) The structure of spherical viruses. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 48: 1–36
Liljas L, Unge T, Jones TA, Fridborg K, Lovgren S, Skoglund U, Strandberg B (1982) Structure of satellite tobacco necrosis virus at 3.0 Å resolution. J Mol Biol 159: 93–108
Luo M, Virend G, Kamer G, Minor I, Arnold E, Rossman MG, Bouge U, Scraba DG, Duke GM, Palmenberg AC (1978) The atomic structure of mengo virus at 3.0 Å resolution. Science 235: 182–191
Matthews REF (1981) Plant virology, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Matthews REF (1982) Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Intervirology 17: 1–199
Matthews REF (1985) Viral taxonomy for the nonvirologist. Ann Rev Microbiol 39: 451–474
Matthews REF, Witz J (1985) Uncoating of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA in vitro. Virology 144: 318–327
Morch M-D, Benicourt C (1980) Post translational proteolytic cleavage of in vitro synthesized turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA coded high molecular weight protein. Eur J Biochem 105: 445–451
Mouches C, Bove C, Bove JM (1974) Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA-replicase: partial purification of the enzyme from the solubilized enzyme template complex, Virology 58: 409–423
Mouches C, Candresse T, Bove JM (1984) Turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA-replicase contains host and virus encoded subunits. Virology 134: 78–90
Munowitz MG, Dobson CM, Griffin RG, Harrison SC (1980) On the rigidity of RNA in tomato busy stunt virus. J Mol Biol 141: 327–333
Munshi SK, Hiremath CN, Murthy MRN, Savithri HS (1987) Symmetry of belladonna mottle virus: rotation function studies. Acta Crystallog B 43: 376–382
Nickerson KW, Lane LC (1977) Polyamine content of several plant viruses. Virology 81: 455–459
Paul HL (1971) Belladonna mottle virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No 52
Peter R, Stehelin D, Reinbolt J, Collot D, Duranton H (1972) Primary structure of turnip yellow mosaic virus coat protein. Virology 49: 615–617
Pett DM, Ginsberg HS (1975) Polyamines in type 5 Adenovirus infected cells and virions. J Virol 15: 1289–1292
Philipson L, Andersson P, Olshevsky U, Weinberg R, Baltimore D, Gesteland R (1978) Translation of MuLV and MSV RNA in nuclease treated reticulocyte extracts: enhancement of the gag-pol polypeptide with yeast suppressor tRNA. Cell 13: 189–199
Ralph RK, Wojcik SJ (1966) Synthesis of double stranded viral RNA by cell free extracts form TYMV-infected leaves. Biochim Biophys Acta 119: 347–361
Rayment I, Baker TS, Casper DLD, Murakami WT (1982) Polyoma virus capsid structure at 22.5 Å resolution. Nature 295: 110–115
Ricard B, Renaudin H, Bove J-M (1978) Translation of eggplant mosaic vrius RNA in wheat germ extracts and reticulocyte lysates. Virology 91: 305–311
Rossmann MG (1984) Constraints on the assembly of spherical virus particles. Virology 134: 1–11
Rossmann MG, Abad-Zapatero C, Erickson JW, Savithri HS (1983) RNA protein interactions in some small plant viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 1: 565–579
Rossmann MG, Abad-Zapatero C, Hermodson MA, Erickson JW (1983) Subunit interactions in southern bean mosaic virus. J Mol Biol 166: 37–83
Rossmann MG, Abad-Zapatero C, Murthy MRN, Liljas L, Jones TA, Strandberg B (1983) Structural comparisons of some small spherical plant viruses. J Mol Biol 165: 711–736
Rossmann MG, Arnold E, Erickson JW, Frankenberger EA, Griffith JP, Hecht HJ, Johnson JE, Kamer G, Luo M, Mosser AG, Rueckert RR, Sherry B, Vriend G (1985) Structure of a human common cold virus and functional relationship to other picornaviruses. Nature 317: 145–153
Rossmann MG, Reuckert RR (1987) What does the molecular structure of viruses tell us about viral functions? Microbiol Sci 4: 206–214
Rueckert RR (1976) On the structure and morphogenesis of picorna viruses. In: Fraenckel H, Conrat, Wagner RR (eds) Comprehensive virology, vol 6. Plenum Press, New York, pp 131–213
Salabrino G, Ferioli ME (1981) Polyamines in mammalian tumors. Adv Cancer Res 35: 151–268
Savithri HS, Erickson JW (1983) The self-assembly of the cowpea strain of southern bean mosaic virus: formation of T=1 and T=3 nucleoprotein particles. Virology 126: 328–335
Savithri HS, Munshi SK, Suryanarayana S, Divakar S, Murthy MRN (1987) Stability of belladonna mottle virus particles: the role of polyamines and calcium. J Gen Virol 68: 1533–1542
Sgro J-Y, Jacrot B, Chroboczek J (1986) Identification of regions of brome mosaic virus coat protein chemically cross-linked in situ to viral RNA. Eur J Biochem 154: 69–76
Shaw JG, Plaskitt KA, Wilson TMA (1986) Evidence that tobacco mosaic virus particles disassemble cotranslationally in vivo. Virology 148: 326–336
Sheppard SL, Burness ATH, Boyle SM (1980) Polyamines in encephalomyocarditis virus. J Virol 34: 266–267
Shukla DD, Gough KH (1980) Erysimum latent virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 222.
Sorger PK, Stockley PG, Harrison SC (1986) Structure and assembly of turnip crinkle virus II. Mechanism of reassembly in vitro. J Mol Biol 191: 639–658
Stauffacher C, Usha R, Harrington M, Schmidt T, Hosur MV, Johnson JE (1987) The structure of cowpea mosaic virus at 3.5 Å resolution. In: Moras D, Suck D, Strandberg B, Drenth J, Blundel T (eds) Crystallography in molecular biology. Plenum, New York, pp 293–308
Stockley PG, Kirsh AL, Chow EP, Smart JG, Harrison SC (1986) Structure of turnip crinkle virus III. Identification of a unique coat protein dimer. J Mol Biol 191: 721–725
Suryanarayana S, Appaji Rao N, Murthy MRN, Savithri HS (1989) Primary structure of belladonna mottle virus coat protein. J Biol Chem 264: 6273–6279
Suryanarayana S, Jacob ANK, Savithri HS (1988) Is the role of basic amino terminal arm replaced by polyamines in tymoviruses. Indian J Biochem Biophys 25: 580–584
Szybiak U, Bouley JP, Fritsch C (1978) Evidence for the coat protein messenger RNA associated with the top component of each of three tymoviruses. Nucleic Acids Res 5: 1821–1831
Tabor CW, Tabor H (1984) Polyamines. Ann Rev Biochem 53: 749–790
Takeda Y, Samejima K, Nagano K, Watanabe M, Sugeta M, Kyogoku Y (1983) Determination of protonation sites in thermosphermine and in some other polyamines by15N and13C spectroscopy. Eur J Biochem 130: 383–389
Takemoto V, Nagahara Y, Fukuyama K, Tsukihara T, Iwaki M (1985) Crystallization and preliminary characterization of arabis mosaic virus. Virology 145: 191–194
Torget R, Lapi L, Cohen SS (1979) Synthesis and accumulation of polyamines and S-adenosylmethonine in chinese cabbage infected by turnip yellow mosaic virus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 87: 1132–1139
Tremaine JH, Ronald WP (1978) Limited proteolysis of southern bean mosaic virus by trypsin. Virology 91: 164–172
Turner PC, Watkins PAC, Zaitlin M, Wilson TMA (1987) Tobacco mosaic virus particles uncoat and express their RNA inXenopus leavis oocytes: implications for early interactions between plant cells and viruses. Virology 160: 515–517
van Vloten-Doting L, Jaspars EMJ (1977) Plant covirus systems: three component systems. In: Fraenkel-Conrat H, Wagner RR (eds) Comprehensive virology, vol 11. Plenum, New York, pp 1–53
van Wezenbeek P, Verver J, Harmsen J, Vos P, van Kammen A (1983) Primary structure and gene organization of middle component RNA of CPMV. EMBO J 2: 941–946
Verver J, Goldbach R, Garcia JA, Vos P (1987) In vitro expression of a full-length DNA copy of CpMV B RNA: identification of B RNA encoded 24-kd protein. EMBO J 6: 549–554
Vriend G, Hemminga MA, Haasnoot CAG, Hilbers CW (1985) A two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement NMR spectroscopy study at 500 MHz on cowpea chlorotic mottle virus protein assembled in spherical capsids. J Magn Reson 64: 501–505
Vriend G, Hemminga MA, Verduin BJM, De Wit JL, Schaafsma TJ (1981) Segmental mobility involved in RNA-protein interaction in cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. FEBS Lett 134: 167–171
Vriend G, Hemminga MA, Verduin BJM, Schaafsma TJ (1982) Swelling of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. FEBS Lett 146: 319–321
Vriend G, Verduin BJM, Hemminga MA (1986) Role of the N-terminal part of the coat protein in the assembly of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus. J Mol Biol 191: 453–460
Vriend G, Verduin BJM, Hemminga MA, Schaafsma TJ (1982) Mobility involved in protein RNA interaction in spherical plant viruses, studied by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 145: 49–52
Wellink J, van Kammen A (1988) Proteases involved in the processing of viral polyproteins. Arch Virol 98: 1–26
Wilson TMA (1985) Nucleocapsid disassembly and early gene expression by positive-strand RNA viruses. J Gen Virol 66: 1201–1207
Zaitlin M, Hull R (1987) Plant virus-host interactions. Ann Rev Plant Physiol 38: 291–315
Zuidema D, Bierhuizen MFA, Jaspars EMJ (1983) Removal of the N-terminal part of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein interferes with the specific binding to RNA 1 and genomic activation. Virology 129: 255–260.
Zuidema D, Jaspars EMJ (1984) Comparative investigations on the coat protein binding sites of the genomic RNAs of alfalfa and tobacco streak virus. Virology 135: 43–52
Zuidema D, Jaspars EMJ (1985) Specificity of RNA and coat protein interaction: alfalfa mosaic virus and related viruses. Virology 140: 342–350
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Savithri, H.S., Suryanarayana, S. & Murthy, M.R.N. Structure-function relationships of icosahedral plant viruses. Archives of Virology 109, 153–172 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01311078
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01311078