Summary
The action of the anticholinergic drug norakin® (triperiden) on the reproduction of influenza virus A and B strains was studied. In cell culture, primary transcription of influenza A/FPV/Weybridge and of influenza B/Japan/73 is strongly inhibited by norakin (20 µg/ml). When present simultaneously, norakin and rimantadine exert an additive effect. Rimantadine-resistant mutants of influenza A exhibit a definite, though limited, cross-resistance to norakin, and vice versa. The results indicate that norakin blocks early stages of the infectious cycle and that the modes of antiviral action of norakin and rimantadine are not identical.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Appleyard, G.: Amantadine-resistance as a genetic marker for influenza viruses. J. gen. Virol.36, 249–255 (1977).
Balode, V. A., Indulen, M. K.: Isolation of aminoadamantane resistant mutants of classical fowl plague virus (in Russian). Commun. Acad. Sci. Latvian SSR11, 77–79 (1971).
Davies, W. L., Grunert, R. R., Haff, R. F., McGahen, J. W., Neumayer, E. M., Paulshock, M., Watt, J. C., Wood, T. R., Herrmann, E. C., Hoffmann, C. E.: Antiviral activity of 1-adamantanamine (amantadine). Science144, 862–863 (1964).
Feldblum, R. L.: Isolation of rimantadine-resistant fowl plague virus. In: Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Action of Various Compounds, 67–72. (In Russian.)
Hay, A. J., Lomniczi, B., Bellamy, A. R., Skehel, J. J.: Transcription of the influenza virus genome. Virology83, 337–355 (1977).
Heider, H., Adamczyk, B., Presber, H. W., Schroeder, C., Feldblum, R., Indulen, M. K.: Occurrence of amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant influenza A virus strains during the 1980 epidemic. Acta Virol.25, 395–400 (1981).
Ilyenko, V. J.: On the study of formation of amantadine and rimantadine-resistant variants of influenza. Vopr. Virus.2, 199–202 (1975). (In Russian.)
Indulen, M. K., Kalninya, V. A.: Studies on the antiviral effect and the mode of action of the anti-influenza compound rimantadine. In:Collier, L. H., Oxford, J. (eds.), Developments in Antiviral Therapy, 107–118. London: Academic Press 1980.
Ito, Y., Joklik, W. K.: Temperature-sensitive mutants of reovirus. I. Patterns of gene expression by mutants of groups C. D. and E. Virology50, 189–201 (1972).
Jackson, G. G., Muldoon, R. L., Akers, L. W.: Serological evidence for prevention of influenzal infection in volunteers by an anti-influenza drug, adamantanamine hydrochloride. In: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (Am. Society for Microbiology, Ann Arbor 1964), 703–707 (1963).
Kalninya, V. A., Indulen, M. K.: Mechanism of inhibitory action of rimantadine on influenza virus (in Russian). Commun. Acad. Sci. Latvian SSR4, 106–114 (1979).
Kato, N., Eggers, H. J.: Inhibition of uncoating of fowl plague virus by 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride. Virology37, 632–641 (1969).
Koff, W. C., Knight, V.: Inhibition of influenza virus uncoating by rimantadine hydrochloride. J. Virol.31, 261–263 (1979).
Mikheeva, A., Ghendon, Y. Z.: Intrinsic interference between influenza A and B viruses. Arch. Virol.73, 287–294 (1982).
Hils, J., May, A., Giese, H., Pohl, G., Scharfenorth, H.: Untersuchungen zur Rimantadinempfindlichkeit von Influenzavirusisolaten des Jahres 1982 mit verschiedenen Testsystemen. Dt. Ges. Wesen38, 398–400 (1983).
Oxford, J. S., Logan, L. S., Potter, C. W.:In vivo selection of an influenza A 2 strain resistant to amantadine. Nature (Lond.)226, 82–83 (1970).
Presber, H. W., Schroeder, C., Hegenscheid, B., Heider, H., Reefschläger, J., Rosenthal, H. A.: Antiviral activity of norakin® (triperiden) and related anticholinergic anti-Parkinson drugs. Acta Virol.28, 501–507 (1984).
Schild, G. C., Sutton, R. N. P.: Inhibition of influenza virusesin vitro andin vivo by 1-adamantanamine hydrochloride. Brit. J. exp. Pathol.46, 263–273 (1965).
Scholtissek, C., Faulkner, G. P.: Amantadine-resistant and -sensitive influenza A strains and recombinants. J. gen. Virol.44, 807–815 (1979).
Skehel, J. J., Hay, A. J., Armstrong, J. A.: On the mechanism of inhibition of influenza virus replication by amantadine hydrochloride. J. gen. Virol.38, 97–110 (1978).
Schwab, R. S., England, A. C., Poskanzer, D. C., Young, R. R.: Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinsons' disease. J.A.M.A.208, 1168–1170 (1969).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
With 3 Figures
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Heider, H., Markushin, S., Schroeder, C. et al. The influence of norakin® on the reproduction of influenza A and B viruses. Archives of Virology 86, 283–290 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01309832
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01309832