Abstract
This paper argues the need for, and the possible benefits of, taking a more subjective, emotional view of users and interactive systems. A brief résumé of the Transactional Analysis model from behavioural psychology is given. Two examples representing computer mediated interaction and direct human computer interaction are considered. An investigation is described in which the Transactional Analysis model is used to analyse interaction over an email discussion list, and between two subjects and a computer application. This analysis illustrates how the model can be applied to the study of emotion within interactive systems, and used to inform the design process. The closing discussion also comments on the nature of current interfaces and their creators.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Norman, DA. The psychology of everyday things. Basic Books, New York 1988
Roethlisberger J, Dickson WJ. Management and the worker. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1939
Reeves B, Nass C. The media equation: how people treat computers, television and new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, NY, 1996
Picard RW. Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1997
Fogg BJ, Nass C. Silicon sycophants: the effects of computers that flatter, International Journal of Human-computer Studies 1997; 45: 669–678
Dix AJ, Finlay JE, Abowd GD, Beale R. Human-computer interaction, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall, Hemel Hempstead, UK, 1998; 544–550
Berne E. Transactional Analysis in psychotherapy. Grove Press, NY, USA, 1961
Checkland PB, Systems thinking, systems practice. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1981
Berne E. “What do you say after you say hello?” Transworld Publishers Ltd, London 1972
Stewart I, Joines V. Transactional Analysis today: a new introduction. Lifespace Publishing, Nottingham 1987
Eckman P. Emotion in the human face, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 1982
Sloman A. Cognition and affect project. [WWW document]. URL ftp://ftp.cs.bham.ac.uk/pub/groups/cog_affect/0-INDEX.html (visited 20 January 1999)
Penfield W. Memory mechanisms. AMA Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1952; 67: 178–198
Checkland PB. From optimizing to learning: a devel opment of systems thinking for the 1990s. Journal of the Operational Research Society 1985; 36(9): 957–967
Checkland PB. From framework through experience to learning: the essential nature of action research. In: Nissen HE, Klein HK, Hirscheim R. eds. Information systems research: contemporary approaches and emergent traditions. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1991; 302–345
Checkland PB, Holwell S. Information, systems and information systems: making sense of the field. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 1998
Sloman A, Croucher M. Why robots will have emotions. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1981; 197–202
Williamson AG, Moore S. The feasibility of using Prolog CAL for medical tutoring. Forum on Computers in Medicine. Royal Society of Medicine, London, 1991
Sloman A. Review of affective computing by Rosalind Picard, AI Magazine, 1999; 20(1): 127–133
Taylor FW. Principles of scientific management Harper and Brothers, New York, 1911
Pilkington RM, Parker-Jones CH. Interacting with computer based simulation the role of dialogue Computers and Education 1996; 27(1): 1–14
Sillince JAA. The organizational setting, use and institutionalization of argumentation repertoires. Journal of Management Studies 1999; 36(6): 26–42
Sillince JAA. A model of social, emotional and symbolic aspects of computer-mediated communication within organizations. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work 1996; 4(2): 1–31.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Williamson, A., Ward, R. Emotion in interactive systems: Applying transactional analysis. Personal Technologies 3, 123–131 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01305337
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01305337