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Reciprocal relationships in viscous hydrodynamics

Reziprozitätsbeziehungen der Hydrodynamik viskoser Flüssigkeiten

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Summary

Reciprocal relationships are derived for the basic physical problem of a rigid body which translates with constant velocity through a viscous incompressible fluid of infinite extent. In addition to this basic situation, further allowances are made for rotational, magnetic, and thermal effects, as well as a restricted type of time dependence. The reciprocal relationships involve the net fluid force exerted on the moving body and the net heat flux through its surface. The most interesting result concerns invariance of the drag when the body motion is reversed, independent of any symmetry.

The principle of reciprocity is shown to stem from the various linearizations\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{v} \cdot \underline {\nabla v} \approx \underline v _0 \cdot \underline {\nabla v} \) of the nonlinear inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations. Even some very sophisticated choices of\(\underline v _0 \) still lead to reciprocity. The crucial point is whether\(\underline v _0 \) posses a certain reversibility property.

Zusammenfassung

Für das fundamentale physikalische Problem eines sich mit konstanter Geschwindigkeit durch eine viskose Flüssigkeit von unendlicher Ausdehnung bewegenden starren Körpers werden Reziprozitätsbeziehungen abgeleitet. Weiters werden Wirbel-, magnetische und Thermoeffekte sowie eine begrenzte Art von Zeitabhängigkeit in Betracht gezogen. Die Reziprozitätsbeziehungen sind abhängig von der auf den bewegten Körper wirkenden Flüssigkeitskraft sowie dem resultierenden Wärmestrom durch die Körperoberfläche. Das interessanteste Resultat betrifft die Invarianz, unabhängig von jeglicher Symmetrie, des Strömungswiderstandes bei Umkehr der Körperbewegung.

Es wird gezeigt, daß das Reziprozitätsprinzip von den verschiedenen Linearisierungen\(\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{v} \cdot \underline {\nabla v} \approx \underline v _0 \cdot \underline {\nabla v} \) der in den navier-Stokes-Gleichungen aufscheinenden nichtlinearen Trägheitsgliedern herrührt. Selbst einige verfeinerte Annahmen für\(\underline v _0 \) führen zu Reziprozität. Die Ursache liegt in einer' Reversibilitätseigenschaft von\(\underline v _0 \).

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Olmstead, W.E. Reciprocal relationships in viscous hydrodynamics. Acta Mechanica 21, 289–300 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01303071

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