Abstract
The structure of annealed and quenched models with localU(1) gauge invariance is studied in terms of the Helmholtz free energy. The first non-trivial, or one-loop, account of fluctuations in the annealed model suggests that spontaneous symmetry breaking occurs in two and three dimensions, through a first-order phase transition. Within the same approximation scheme, the quenched model displays a continuous phase transition. A more complete account of the fluctuations in the annealed model changes the nature of the transition to a continuous one, whereas spontaneous symmetry breaking is then absent with quenched disorder.
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Lovesey, S.W. Spontaneous symmetry breaking in annealed and quenched gauge field models. Z. Physik B - Condensed Matter 40, 117–126 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295079
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01295079