Conclusions
High-alumina, zircon, chamotte-kaolin, zirconia, and clay-graphite end nozzles were tested in a semi-continuous casting plant during the pouring of stainless steel in the pouring device, and SP-25 high-alumina and zircon nozzles were tested in the intermediate ladle.
For use we recommend the high-alumina nozzles which are considerably cheaper than the zirconia ones.
Zircon and high-alumina SP-25 nozzles do not erode when steel is poured from the intermediate ladle, they do not close up and can provide a stream of metal without splatter.
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Pitak, N.V., Kononov, B.Z., Kolpakov, A.I. et al. Life of refractories at semi-continuous casting plant. Refractories 3, 243–250 (1962). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01293123
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01293123