Interrelationships among the plasma membrane, the membrane skeleton and surface form in a unicellular flagellate

Summary

Surface isolates or membrane skeletons from surface isolates can maintain the cell and surface form characteristic of euglenoids. We now report that the plasma membrane alone obtained by trypsin or urea digestion of surface isolates can also maintain surface form, but the membrane skeleton is able to produce striking changes in membrane organization. Trypsin digests microtubules, the membrane skeleton and partially digests the major integral membrane protein from surface isolates but does not alter the paracrystalline plasma membrane interior. Extraction of surface isolates with 4M urea leaves an insoluble plasma membrane and a subset of proteins arranged perpendicularly to the membrane surface. To resolve further the relationship between the plasma membrane and the membrane skeleton we have perturbed membrane organization by extraction of surface isolates with NaOH and find that readdition of the extract followed by neutralization restored important features of the membrane skeleton and caused patching of the membrane interior. Biochemically, the reassembled membrane skeleton consisted of 80 and 86 kD polypeptides and other less abundant proteins, and structurally the reassembled membrane skeleton was about the same thickness as the native membrane skeleton. Reassembly of the membrane skeleton appeared to be saturatable in that addition of an excess of extract had no effect on the thickness of the membrane skeletal layer. When the 80 kD protein was depleted from the reassembly mixture by affinity chromatography using Sepharose-bound monoclonal antibodies, the amount of 86 kD protein bound was significantly reduced, suggesting a dependance of 86 kD protein on 80 kD binding. A urea soluble fraction enriched in the 80 and 86 kD proteins was added to alkali-stripped membranes and 170 Å filaments were formed perpendicularly to the membrane surface. From the sum of these experiments we suggest that a) the native amorphous membrane skeleton ofEuglena may consist of a framework of 80 and 86 kD filaments arranged in a brush-like layer, b) the framework can direct plasma membrane organization, but once determined, membrane form remains stable to urea and trypsin but not to alkali, and c) new surface growth can in theory occur as an expansion of the brush-like layer by direct intercalation of filaments enriched in or consisting wholly of 80 and 86 kD proteins.