Summary
Most cell wall components are carbohydrate including the major matrix polysaccharides, pectins and hemicelluloses, and the arabinogalactan-protein proteoglycans. Both types of molecules are assembled in the Golgi apparatus and transported in secretory vesicles to the cell surface. We have employed antibodies specific to β-(1→6) and β-(1→4)-D-galactans, present in plant cell wall polysaccharides, in conjunction with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the location of the galactan-containing components in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of flax root tip tissues. Immunofluorescence data show that β-(1→4)-D-galactan epitopes are restricted to peripheral cells of the root cap. These epitopes are not expressed in meristematic and columella cells. In contrast, β-(1→6)-D-galactan epitopes are found in all cell types of flax roots. Immunogold labeling experiments show that both epitopes are specifically located within the wall immediately adjacent to the plasma membrane. They are also detected in Golgi cisternae and secretory vesicles, which indicates the involvement of the Golgi apparatus in their synthesis and transport. These findings demonstrate that the synthesis and localization of β-(1→4)-D-galactan epitopes are highly regulated in developing flax roots and that different β-linked D-galactans associated with cell wall polysaccharides are expressed in a cell type-specific manner.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brett C, Waldron K (1990) Physiology and biochemistry of plant cell walls. In: Black M, Chapman J (eds) Topics in plant physiology, vol 2. Unwin Hyman, London, pp 15–32
Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 3: 1–30
Delmer DP, Amor Y (1995) Cellulose biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7: 987–1000
Dolan L, Linstead P, Roberts K (1995) An AGP epitope distinguishes a central metaxylem initial from other vascular initials in the Arabidopsis root. Protoplasma 189: 149–155
Driouich A, Staehelin LA (1997) The plant Golgi apparatus: structural organization and functional properties. In: Berger EG, Roth J (eds) The Golgi apparatus. Birkhäuser, Basel, pp 275–301
Fincher GB, Stone BA, Clarke AE (1983) Arabinogalactan-proteins: structure, biosynthesis and function. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 34: 47–70
Freshour G, Clay RP, Fuller MS, Albersheim P, Darvill AG, Hahn MG (1996) Developmental and tissue-specific structural alterations of the cell wall polysaccharides of Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Plant Physiol 110: 1413–1429
Guinel FC, McCully ME (1986) Some water related physical properties of maize root cap mucilage. Plant Cell Environ 9: 657–665
His I, Driouich A, Jauneau A (1997) Distribution of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the epidermis of flax hypocotyl seedlings: calcium-induced acidification of pectins. Plant Physiol Biochem 35: 631–644
Jauneau A, Quentin M, Driouich A (1997) Micro-heterogeneity of pectins and calcium distribution in the epidermal and cortical parenchyma cell walls of flax hypocotyls. Protoplasma 198: 9–19
Jones L, Seymour G, Knox JP (1997) Localization of pectic galactan in tomato cell wall using a monoclonal antibody specific to (1–4)-β-D-galactan. Plant Physiol 113: 1405–1412
Kikuchi S, Ohinata A, Tsumuraya Y, Hashimoto Y, Kaneka Y, Matsuhima H (1993) Production and characterization of antibodies to the β(1–6)-galactotetraosyl group and their interaction with arabinogalactan-proteins. Planta 190: 525–535
Knox JP (1997) The use of antibodies to study the architecture and developmental regulation of plant cell walls. Int Rev Cytol 171: 79–120
—, Day S, Roberts K (1989) A set of cell surface glycoproteins forms an early marker of cell position, but not cell type, in the root apical meristem of Daucus carota L. Development 106: 47–56
—, Linstead PJ, King J, Cooper C, Roberts K (1991) Developmentally regulated epitopes of cell surface arabinogalactan-proteins and their relation to root tissue pattern formation. Plant J 1: 317–326
Komalavilas P, Zhu JK, Nothnagel EA (1991) Arabinogalactan-proteins from the suspension culture medium and plasma membrane of rose cells. J Biol Chem 266: 15956–15965
Lynch MA, Staehelin LA (1992) Domain-specific and cell type-specific localization of two types of cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the clover root tip. J Cell Biol 118: 467–479
— — (1995) Immunocytochemical localization of cell wall polysaccharides in the root tip of Avena saliva. Protoplasma 188: 115–127
Marty P, Goldberg R, Lieberman M, Vian B, Berteau Y, Jouan B (1995) Composition and localization of pectic polymers in the stems of two Solanum tuberosum genotypes. Plant Physiol Biochem 33: 409–417
Moore PJ, Staehelin LA (1988) Immunogold localization of the cell-wall-matrix polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonan I and xyloglucan during cell expansion and cytokinesis in Trifolium pratense L., implication for secretory pathway. Planta 174: 433–445
—, Darvill AG, Albersheim P, Staehelin LA (1986) Immunogold localization of xyloglucan and rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell walls of suspension-cultured sycamore cells. Plant Physiol 82: 787–794
—, Swords KMM, Lynch MA, Staehelin LA (1991) Spatial reorganization of the assembly pathways of glycoproteins and complex polysaccharides in the Golgi apparatus of plants. J Cell Biol 112: 589–602
Pennell RI, Roberts K (1991) Sexual development in the pea is presaged by altered expression of arabinogalactan protein. Nature 344: 547–549
—, Janniche L, Kjellbom P, Scofield G, Peart JM, Roberts K (1991) Developmental regulation of plasma membrane arabinogalactan protein epitopes in oilseed rape flowers. Plant Cell 3: 1317–1326
Reynolds ES (1963) The use of lead citrate at high pH: an electron opaque stain for electron microscopy. J Cell Biol 17: 208–212
Schindler T, Bergfeld R, Schopfer P (1995) Arabinogalactan protein in maize coleoptiles: developmental relationship to cell death during xylem differentiation but not to extension growth. Plant J 7: 25–36
Stacey NJ, Knox JP, Roberts K (1990) Pattern of expression of the JIM4 arabinogalactan-protein epitope in cell cultures and during somatic embryogenesis in Daucus carota. Planta 180: 285–292
Serpe MD, Nothnagel E (1996) Heterogeneity of arabinogalactan-protein on the plasma membrane of rose cells. Plant Physiol 112: 1261–1271
Staehelin LA, Giddings TH, Kiss JZ, Sack FD (1990) Macromolecular differentiation of Golgi stacks in root tips of Arabidopsis and Nicotiana seedlings as visualized in high pressure frozen and freeze-substituted samples. Protoplasma 157: 75–91
Vian B, Roland JC (1991) Affinodetection of the sites of formation and of the further distribution of polygalacturonans and native cellulose in growing plant cells. Biol Cell 71: 43–55
Zhang GF, Staehelin LA (1992) Functional compartmentalization of the Golgi apparatus of plant cells: an immunocytochemical analysis of high pressure frozen/freeze substituted sycamore suspension-cultured cells. Plant Physiol 99: 1070–1083
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vicré, M., Jauneau, A., Paul Knox, J. et al. Immunolocalization of β-(1→4) and β-(1→6)-D-galactan epitopes in the cell wall and Golgi stacks of developing flax root tissues. Protoplasma 203, 26–34 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01280584
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01280584