Summary
The dermal system comprises the outer epidermis of the pericarp, its covering of wax and cuticle and the collenchymatous hypodermal cells. During the first of the two post-anthesis phases of fruit growth, differentiation occurred with respect to cell and nuclear volume, content of polyphenolic substances, and wall thickening. Walls of the presumptive dermal system cells developed massive primary thickenings which stained intensely with fluorescent brightener dyes. In the second phase of fruit growth these cells were redifferentiated, their walls becoming thinner as they enlarged to accommodate fruit expansion. Binding of the fluorescent brightener dye was reduced and confined to the outer edges of the walls. At maturity, the walls of the cortical cells adjacent to the dermal system underwent autolysis.
The cuticle was evident during the first 16 days after anthesis as a thin layer which reacted positively with neutral lipid dyes and which contained periodate sensitive vinyl groups. Differentiation of a secondary cuticle followed, and a number of distinct layers were detected by autofluorescence, and staining with auramine 0, Nile blue, and PAS. Cuticle thickness and complexity was maintained throughout the second growth phase.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, R. O., David, G. B., Nomarski, C., 1969: The Zeiss-Nomarski differential interference equipment for transmitted light microscopy. Z. wiss. Mikro.69, 193–221.
Bain, J. M., McBean, D. McG., 1969: The development of the cuticular wax layer in prune plums and the changes occurring in it during ripening. Aust. J. biol. Sci.22, 101–110.
Brodsky, W. Ya., Uryvaeva, I. V., 1977: Cell polyploidy: its relation to tissue growth and function. Int. Rev. Cytol.50, 275–332.
Brossard, D., 1978: Microspectrophotometric and ultrastructural analyses of a case of cell differentiation without endopolyploidisation: the pith ofCrepis capillaris (L.) Wallr. Protoplasma93, 369–380.
Chafe, S. C., 1970: The fine structure of the collenchyma cell wall. Planta (Berl.)90, 12–21.
Chambers, T. C., Possingham, J. V., 1963: Studies on the fine structure of the wax layer of sultana grapes. Aust. J. biol. Sci.16, 818–825.
Considine, J. A., Kriedemann, P. E., 1972: Fruit splitting in grapes: determination of the critical turgor pressure. Aust. J. agric. Res.23, 17–24.
—,Williams, J. F., Brown, K. E., 1974: A model of studies on stress in dermal tissues of mature fruit ofVitis vinifera: criteria for producing fruit resistant to cracking. In: Mechanisms of regulation of plant growth (Bieleski, R. L., Ferguson, A. R., Cresswell, M. M., eds.), Bulletin 12, pp. 611–617. Wellington: The Royal Society of New Zealand.
—,Knox, R. B., 1979: Development and histochemistry of the pistil of the grape,Vitis vinifera. Ann. Bot.43, 11–22.
Coombe, B. G., 1973: The regulation of set and development of the grape berry. Acta Hortic.34, 261–273.
—, 1976: The development of fleshy fruits. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.27, 507–528.
Dubois, M., Gillies, K. N., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A., Smith, F., 1956: Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem.28, 350–356.
Edwards, G. A., Endrizzi, J. E., 1975: Cell size, nuclear size and DNA content relationships inGossypium. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol.17, 181–186.
Esau, K., 1977: Anatomy of plants, 2nd ed. New York-Santa Barbara-London-Sydney-Toronto: J. Wiley.
Frey-Wyssling, A., Mühlethaler, K., 1965: Ultrastructural plant cytology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Fulcher, R. G., O'Brien, T. P., Lee, J. W., 1972: Studies on the aleurone layer. I. Conventional and fluorescence microscopy of the cell wall with emphasis on phenol-carbohydrate complexes in wheat. Aust. J. biol. Sci.25, 23–34.
Glegg, R. E., Clermont, Y., Leelond, C. P., 1952: The use of lead tetraacetate, benzidine, 0-dianisidine and a “film test” in investigating the periodic acid-schiff technic. Stain technol.27, 277–305.
Grncarevic, M., Radler, F., 1971: A review of the surface lipids of grapes and their importance in the drying process. Amer. J. Enol. Vitic.22, 80–86.
Hale, C. R., 1968: Growth and senescence of the grape berry. Aust. J. agr. Res.19, 939–945.
Heslop-Harrison, J., 1976: A new look at pollination. Rep. E. Malling Res. Stn. for 1975, 141–157.
Holloway, P. J., Baker, E. A., 1970: The cuticles of some Angiosperm leaves and fruits. Ann. appl. Biol.66, 145–154.
Hughes, J., McCully, M. E., 1975: The use of an optical brightener in the study of plant structure. Stain technol.50, 319–329.
Hülsbruch, H., 1966: Zur Radialstreifung cutinisierter Epidermisaußenwände. I. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.55, 181–197.
Jona, R., Vallania, R., 1976: Istochemica delle differenze varietali nell'epicarpo d'uva. Vignevini6, 7–10.
Knee, M., Sargent, J. A., Osborne, D. J., 1977: Cell wall metabolism in developing strawberry fruits. J. exp. Bot.28, 377–396.
Lillie, R. D., 1954: Histopathological technic and practical histochemistry. 2nd ed., Blakiston, N.Y.
Luft, J. H., 1971: Ruthenium red and violet. I. Chemistry, purification and methods for electron microscopy and mechanism of action. Anat. Rec.171, 347–368.
Maede, H., Ishida, N., 1967: Specificity of binding of hexopyranosyl polysaccharides with fluorescent brightener. J. Biochem.62, 276–278.
Mazliac, P., 1968: Chemistry of plant cuticles. In: Progress in phytochemistry, Vol. 1 (Reinhold, L., Liwschitz, Y., eds.), pp. 49–111. London-New York-Sydney: Interscience.
Norris, R. F., andBukovac, M. J., 1968: Structure of the pear leaf cuticle with special reference to cuticular penetration. Amer. J. Bot.55, 975–983.
Pearse, A. G. E., 1968: Histochemistry, Vol. 1, 3rd ed. London: J. and A. Churchill Ltd.
Pearson, G. C., Timmis, J. N., Ingle, J., 1974: The differential replication of DNA during plant development. Chromosoma45, 281–294.
Peynaud, E., Ribéreau-Gayon, P., 1971: The grape. In: The biochemistry of fruits and their products, Vol.2 (Hulme, A. C., ed.), pp. 171–205. London-New York: Academic Press.
Radler, E., Horn, D. H. S., 1965: The composition of grape cuticle wax. Aust. J. Chem.18, 1059–1069.
Rafei, M. H., 1941: Anatomical studies inVitis and allied genera. I. Development of the fruit. II. Floral anatomy. Ph.D. thesis, Oregon State University.
Rhodes, M. J. C., 1970: The climacteric and ripening of fruits. In: The biochemistry of fruits and their products. Vol. 1 (Hulme, A. C., ed.), pp. 525–533. London-New York: Academic Press.
Riley, R. G., Kolattukudy, P. E., 1975: Evidence for covalently attached p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid in cutins and suberins. Pl. Physiol. Lancaster56, 650–654.
Roland, J. C., 1966: Organisation de la membrane paraplasmique du collenchyme. J. Microscopie5, 323–348.
Rosenburg, M., Bartl, P., Lésco, J., 1960: Water soluble methacrylate as an embedding medium for the preparation of ultrathin sections. J. Ultrastruct. Res.4, 298–303.
Ruddel, C. L., 1971: Embedding media for 1–2 micron sectioning. 3 Hydroxyethyl methacrylate-benzoyl peroxide activated with pyridine. Stain technol.46, 77–84.
Sacher, J. A., 1973: Senescence and postharvest physiology. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.24, 197–224.
Sargent, C. M., 1976: The occurrence of a secondary cuticle inLibertia elegans (Iridaceae). Ann. Bot.40, 355–359.
Schönherr, J., Bukovac, M. J., 1973: Ion exchange properties of isolated tomato fruit cuticular membrane: exchange capacity, nature of fixed charges and cation selectivity. Planta (Berl.)109, 73–93.
Skene, D. S., 1963: The fine structure of apple, pear, and plum fruit surfaces, their changes during ripening, and their response to polishing. Ann. Bot.27, 581–587.
Swift, J. G., May, P., Lawton, E. A., 1974: Concentric cracking of grape berries. Vitis13, 30–35.
Tampion, J., McKendrick, M. E., Holt, G., 1973: Use of fluorescent brighteners to visualise the sites of cellulose synthesis in the root hairs of species ofPeperomia. Physiol. Plant.29, 440–441.
Villiers, F. J. de, 1926: Physiological studies of the grape. Sci. Bull. S. Afr. Dep. Agric. No. 45.
Wardrop, A. B., 1969: The structure of the cell wall in the lignified collenchyma ofEryngium sp. (Umbelliferae). Aust. J. Bot.17, 229–240.
Winkler, A. J., 1963: General viticulture. Brisbane: Jacaranda Press.
Wong, C. H., Osborne, D. J., 1978: The ethylene-induced enlargement of target cells in flower buds ofEcballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. and their identification by the content of endoreduplicated nuclear DNA. Planta (Berl.)139, 103–111.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Considine, J.A., Knox, R.B. Development and histochemistry of the cells, cell walls, and cuticle of the dermal system of fruit of the grape,Vitis vinifera L.. Protoplasma 99, 347–365 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01275807
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01275807