Abstract
Biogeochemical processes describing nutrient cycling strongly affect the development of different soil horizons and soil acidification. However, in many soil acidification models these processes are not directly simulated, and spatially distributed soil properties are lumped into average values. This paper describes the extension of a one-layer soil acidification model (SMART) to a multi-layer model (SMARTEX) by including nutrient cycling, and the performance of both models regarding their ability for the assessment of the effects of acid deposition on forest soil. This was done by comparing simulation results of the two models with respect to changes in base cation amounts to historical data from sites in south Sweden. The results showed that the multi-layer model gives better results for the top soil, whereas the one-layer model gives better results for the rootzone and the total profile. Since the top soil is most important, the extended model is more suited to relate acid deposition to forest growth than the more general results of the one-layer model. However, the sensitivity of the multi-layer model to some parameters is large. A change in these parameters had strong effects on the separate layers, whereas the effects were cancelled out over the total profile. This sensitivity requires a careful parameterization of the model which might be troublesome to lack of data.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alcamo, J., Shaw, R., and Hordijk, L. (eds.): 1990,The RAINS models of acidification. Science and strategies in Europe. IIASA, Laxenburg-Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 402 p.
Bloom, P. R. and Grigal, D. F.: 1985,J. Environ. Qual., 14(4), 489.
Calder, I. R. and Newson, M. D.: 1979,Water Resources Bulletin 15(6) 1628.
Cannell, M. G. R.: 1982,World Forest Biomass and Primary Production Data, Academic Press, Londen.
Cosby, B. J., Hornberger, G. M., Galloway, J. N., and Wright, R. F.: 1985,Water Resour. Res. 21(1), 51.
De Vries, W.: 1990, in Kämäri J. (ed.),Impact Models to Assess Regional Acidification, Kluwer Acad. Publ. Dordrecht, pp. 3–21.
De Vries, W.: 1991,Methodologies for the Assessment and Mapping of Critical Loads and of the Impact of Abatement Strategies on Forest Soils, The Winand Staring Centre, Report 46, Wageningen, The Netherlands, 109 p.
De Vries, W., Posch, M., and Kämäri, J.: 1989,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 48, 349.
Falkengren-Grerup, U.: 1987,Environ. Pollut. 43, 79.
Falkengren-Grerup, U., Linnermark, N., and Tyler, G.: 1987,Chemosphere 16(10–12) 2239.
Gherini, S. A., Mok, L., Hudson, R. J. M., Davis, G. F., Chen, C. W., and Goldstein, R. A.: 1985,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 26, 425.
Gobran, G. R. and Bosatta, E.: 1988,Ecol. Modelling 40, 25.
Grier, C. C., Vogt, K. A., Keyes, M. R., and Edmonds, R. L.: 1981,Can. J. For. Res. 11, 155.
Hallbäcken, L.: 1992,Z. Pflanzenernär. Bodenk. 155, 51.
Harris, W. F., Kinerson, Jr. R. S., and Edwards, N. T.: 1977,Pedobiologia 17, 369.
Kimmins, J. P. and Hawkes, B. C.: 1978,Can. J. For. Res. 8, 265.
Lindsay, W. L.: 1979,Chemical Equilibria in Soils, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 449 p.
Linnermark, N.: 1960,Podsol and Brown Earth. A Study in Vegetation and Soil Formation in East Scania, Publication No. 75 Institutes of Mineralogy, Paleontology, and Quaternary Geology. University of Lund, Sweden, 233p. plus diagrams. (In Swedish with an English summary)
Posch, M., Falkengren-Grerup, U., and Kauppi, P.: 1989, in: Kämäri, J., Brakke, D. F., Jenkins, A., Norton, S. A., and Wright R. F. (eds.),Regional Acidification Models. Geographic Extent and Time Development, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 241–251.
Reuss, J. O. and Johnson, D. W.: 1986,Acid Deposition and the Acidification of Soils and Waters, Ecological Studies 59, Springer-Verlag, New York, 119 p.
Schecher, W. D. and Driscoll, C. T.: 1987,Water Resour. Res. 23,(4), 425.
Schulze, E.-D.: 1989,Science 244, 776.
Sverdrup, H., De Vries, W., and Henriksen, A.: 1990,Mapping Critical Loads, Miljørapport 14, Nordic Council of Ministers.
Van Oene, H.: 1992,Water, Air, and Soil Pollut. 63, 33.
Warfvinge, P., Falkengren-Grerup, U., Sverdrup, H., and Andersen, B.: 1993, Long-Term Cation Supply in Acidified Forest stands,Environ. Pollut. 80, 209.
Zoettl, H. W.: 1987, in Hutchinson, T. C. and Meema, K. M. (eds.),Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forests, Wetlands and Agricultural Ecosytems, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 155–265.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Van Oene, H., De Vries, W. Comparison of measured and simulated changes in base cation amounts using a one-layer and a multi-layer soil acidification model. Water Air Soil Pollut 72, 41–65 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01257116
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01257116