Abstract
In relational databases, an attribute of a relation can have only a single primitive value, making it cumbersome to model complex objects. The objectoriented paradigm removes this difficulty by introducing the notion of nested objects, which allows the value of an object atribute to be another object or a set of other objects. This means that a class consists of a set of attributes, and the values of the attributes are objects that belong to other classes; that is, the definition of a class forms a hierarchy of classes. All attributes of the nested classes are nested attributes of the root of the hierarchy. A branch of such hierarchy is called apath. In this article, we address the problem of index configuration for a given path. We first summarize some basic concepts, and introduce the concept of index configuration for a path. Then we present cost formulas to evaluate the costs of the various configurations. Finally, we present the algorithm that determines the optimal configuration, and show its correctness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andrews, T. and Harris, C. Combining language and database advances in an object-oriented development environment.Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Object-Oriented Programming Systems, Languages, and Applications, Orlando, FL, 1987.
Banerjee, J., Chou, H.T., Garza, J., Kim, W., Woelk, D., Ballou, N., and Kim, H.J. Data model issues for object-oriented applications.ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 5(1):3–26, 1987.
Banerjee, J., Kim, W., and Kim, H.K. Queries in object-oriented databases.Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Data Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 1988.
Batory, D.S. Modeling the storage architecture of commercial database systems.ACM Transactions on Database Systems 10(4):463–528, 1985.
Bayer, R. and McCreight, E. Organization and maintenance of large ordered indexes.Acta Informatica, 1(3): 173–189, 1972.
Bertino, E. and Kim, W. Indexing techniques for queries on nested objects.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 1(2):196–214, 1989.
Bertino, E. Query optimization using nested indices.Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Extending Database Technology (EDBT90), Venice, Italy, March 26–30, 1990, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 416, Springer-Verlag
Bertino, E., Negri, M., Pelagatti, G., and Sbattella, L. Object-oriented query languages: The notion and the issues.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 4(3):223–237, 1992.
Bertino, E. and Martino, L.Object-Oriented Database Systems: Concepts and Architectures. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1993.
Bertino, E. On index configuration in object-oriented databases. Extended version, August 1993. In: Kim, W. and Lochovsky, F., eds.),Object-Oriented Concepts, Databases, and Applications. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989, pp. 283–308.
Bjornerstedt, A. and Hulten, C. Version control in an object-oriented architecture. In: W. Kim and F. Lochovsky eds.,Object-Oriented Concepts, Databases, and Applications. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989, pp. 451–485.
Breitl, R., Maier, D., Otis, A., Penney, J., Schuchardt, B., Stein, J., Williams, H., and Williams, M.: The GemStone data management system. In: Kim, W., and Lochovsky, F., eds.,Object-Oriented Concepts, Databases, and Applications. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989, pp. 283–308.
Comer, D. The ubiquitous B-tree.ACM Computing Surveys, 11(2):121–137, 1979.
Deux, O. The story ofO 2.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2(1):91–108, 1990.
Finkelstein, S., Schkolnick, M., and Tiberio, P. Physical database design for relational databases.ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 13(1): 91–128, 1988.
Fishman, D.H., Beech, D., Cate, H., Chow, E., Connors, T., Davis, J., Derrett, N., Hoch, C., Kent, W., Lyngback, P., Mahbod, B., Neimat, M., Ryan, T., and Shan, M. IRIS: An object-oriented database management system.ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems, 5(1):48–69, 1987.
Jenq, P., Woelk, D., Kim, W., and Lee, W.L. Query processing in distributed ORION. MCC Technical Report, No. ACA-ST-035-89, January 1989.
Lam, H., Su, S., and Kogant, N. A physical database design evaluation system for CODASYL databases.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 14(7):1010–1022, 1988.
Lang, S.D., Driscoll, J., and Dou, J. A unified analysis of batched searching and tree-structured files.ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 14(4):604–618, 1989.
Kemper, A. and Moerkotte, G. Access support in object bases.Proceedings of the ACM-SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, Atlantic City, NJ, 1990.
Kim, W. A foundation for object-oriented databases.IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 2(3):327–341, 1990.
Kim, K.C., Kim, W., Woelk, D., and Dale, A. Acyclic query processing in objectoriented databases.Proceedings of the Entity-Relationship Conference, Rome, 1988. Also: MCC Technical Report, No. ACA-ST-287-88, September 1988.
Kim, W., Bertino, E., and Garza, J. F. Composite objects revisited.Proceedings of the ACM-SIGMOD Conference on Management of Data, Portland, OR, 1989. Also: MCC Technical Report, No. ACA-ST-387-88, Nov. 1988.
Kim, W., Kim K.C., and Dale A. Indexing techniques for object-oriented databases. In: Kim, W. and Lochovsky, F.H., eds.,Object-Oriented Concepts, Databases, and Applications, New York: Addison-Wesley, 1989.
Maier, D. and Stein, J. Indexing in an object-oriented DBMS.Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Object-Oriented DBMS, Asilomar, CA, 1986.
Reuter, A. and Kinzinger, H. Automatic design of the internal schema for a CODASYL database system.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, 10(4):358–375, 1984.
Rullo, P. and Sacca, D. An automatic physical designer for network model databases.IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, (14):9, 1293–1306, 1988.
Schkolnick, M. and Tiberio, P. Estimating the cost of updates in a relational database.ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 10(2):163–179, 1985.
Skarra, A., Zdonik, S., and Reiss, S. An object server for an object-oriented database system.Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Object-Oriented Database Systems, Asilomar, CA, 1986.
Valduriez, P., Khoshafian, S., and Copeland, G. Implementation techniques of complex objects.Proceedings of the International Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Kyoto, Japan, 1986.
Valduriez, P. Join indices.ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 12(2):218–246, 1987.
Whang, K.Y., Wiederhold, G., and Sagalowicz, D. Separability: An approach to physical database design.IEEE Transactions on Computer Systems, 33(3):209–222, 1984.
Yao, S.B. Approximating block accesses in database organizations.ACM Communications, 20(4):260–261, 1977.
Yu, C., Suen, C., Lam, K., and Siu, M.K. Adaptive record, clustering.ACM Transactions on Database Systems, 14(2):147–167, 1985.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bertino, E. Index configuration in object-oriented databases. VLDB Journal 3, 355–399 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01232644
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01232644