Skip to main content
Log in

Medico-legal aspects of postmortem pink teeth

  • Review Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Legal Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

While the phenomenon of pink teeth has been known since 1829, when it was first described by Bell, its application in forensic medicine has been limited. Recently, however, attention was again focused on pink teeth in legal cases. The medico-legal implication was the use of pink teeth as a possible means of evaluating the cause of death. Pink teeth can occur during life and postmortem. Except for very few and poorly documented exceptions, they develop earliest after 1 to 2 weeks postmortem. Their chemical analogy is seepage of hemoglobin or it's derivates into the dentinal tubules. Prerequisites are hyperemia/congestion and erythrocyte extravasation of the pulp capillaries, furthermore autolysis and a humid milieu. Therefore, they are most often associated with water immersion. The intensity of characteristics varies between different cases and also between different teeth in an individual case. Since the ante-mortem prerequisites are non-specific and can be replaced by certain postmortem conditions, there exist until now no specific correlation to the cause of death. The phenomenon is very often seen in victims of drowning where the head usually lies in a head-down position. From this it can be assumed that pink teeth even if not identical to postmortem lividity can, at least to some extent, be considered as analogous. Since, there is no obvious connection between the occurrence of pink teeth and the cause of death, it may be concluded that pink teeth are not pathognomonic for a specific cause of death and this is therefore an unspecific phenomenon.

Zusammenfassung

Das zuerst 1829 von Bell beschriebene Pink Teeth-Phänomen hat seither wiederholt bei der Untersuchung von Tötungsdelikten eine Rolle gespielt. Die postmortale Pinkfärbung der Zähne ist in der Regel frühestens 1–2 Wochen nach dem Tod zu beobachten. Dem Phänomen liegt das Einsickern von Hämoglobin oder von Hämoglobinderivaten in die Dentinkanälchen zugrunde. Voraussetzungen sind Hyperämie bzw. Stauungszustände, eine Erythrozytenextravasation aus den Pulpakapillaren, ferner Autolyse und feuchtes Milieu. Das Phänomen ist daher meist bei Wasserleichen beobachtet worden. Die Intensität der Verfärbung variiert von Fall zu Fall und, innerhalb eines Falls unter Umständen von Zahn zu Zahn. Eine spezifische Assoziation des Phänomens mit bestimmten Todesursachen ist nicht nachweisbar. Postmortale Bedingungen spielen für die Entstehung der Pinkfärbung eine wesentliche Rolle. Nicht selten ist sie bei mit abhängendem Kopf treibenden Wasserleichen zu beobachten. Insofern ist Analogie zur postmortalen Hypostase naheliegend. Da das Phänomen in Verbindung mit ganz unterschiedlichen Todesursachen (Ertrinken, Verbrennen, CO-Intoxikation, Strangulation u.a.) beobachtet wurde, kann es keinesfalls als pathognomonisch für eine spezielle Todesursache angesehen werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Auslander WP (1967) Discoloration of a traumatic sequela. NY State Dental J 33:534–538

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeley JA, Harvey W (1973) Pink teeth as a post-mortem phenomenon. J Forensic Sci Soc 13:97–305

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell T (1829) Anatomy, physiology and disease of the teeth. Highley, London, pp 12–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg S (1984) Grundriss der Rechtsmedizin, 12th edn. Muller-Steinicke, Munchen

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergenholz G (1991) Iatrogenic injury to the pulp in dental procedures: aspects of pathogenesis, management and preventive measures. Int Dent J 41:99–110

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bröndum N, Simonsen J (1987) Postmortem red coloration of teeth. A retrospective investigation of 26 cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 8:127–130

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camps FE (1953) Medical and scientific investigations in the Christie case. Achar Press, Tiptree Esser

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaumont AJ, Mangin P, Lugniern AAJ, Barats J (1982) Etude de la coagulation sanguine post-mortem. J Med Leg Droitmed 25:351–359

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark DA, Law ML (1984) Postmortem pink teeth. Med Sci Law 24:130–134

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeJager CL (1963) A histological examination of dental pulps of executed persons. J Dent Assoc S Afr 18:553–554

    Google Scholar 

  • Furuhata T, Yamamoto K (1967) Forensic odontology. Thomas, Springfield

    Google Scholar 

  • Giunta JL, Tsamtsouris A (1978) Stains and discolorations of teeth: review and case reports. J Pedod 5:175–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Grayson A, Kim S, Kim SB (1986) Coronal and apical blood flow of the pulp in response to crown preparation. J Dent Res 65 (Special issue): IADR Abstract no. 422

  • Grossman LL (1984) Endodontic practice. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson G (1966). Forensic Odontology. Staples Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Harms D (1971) Postmortale Fibrinolyse beim Menschen. Veröffentlichungen aus der morphologischen Pathologie, vol 87. G. Fischer Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda N, Harada A, Takahashi H, Suzuki T (1988) Experimental formation of pink teeth and their analysis. Jpn J Legal Med 42:179–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingle E (1985) Textbook of Endodontics. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato K (1941) in Sainio et al. (1990)

  • Katsura K, Shinomiya T (1958) Histologic findings of dental pulp in strangled dogs. Shikoku Acta Med 12:127–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkham WR, Andrews EE, Snow CC, Grape PM, Lorenza S (1977) Postmortem pink teeth. J Forensic Sci 22:119–131

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koreyuki O, Imura M, Fukita K, Maeda H, Wkasugi C, Sukegawa Y (1993) Postmortem and traumatic pink teeth observed in autopsy cases including corpses recovered from concrete. Act Criminol Japon 59:55–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Laiho K, Penttillä A (1981) Autolytic changes in blood cells and other tissue cells of human cadavers. I. Viability and ion studies. Forensic Sci Int 17:109–120

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miles AEW, Fearnhead RW, Harrison JA, Nickoll LS (1953) In: Camps F (ed) Medical and scientific investigations in the Christie case. Medical publications, London, pp 147–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller SC (1957) Oral diagnosis and treatment. Blackstone, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani Y, Yamada T, Sugie I (1978) Studies on the fluidity of cadaveric blood in sudden death — Fluid blood in the cadaver from the view point of clotting function. Jpn J Legal Med 32:277–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Padayachee A (1989) Pigmentation of teeth: a review. Int J Forensic Odonto-stomatol 7:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Penttilä A, Laiho K (1981) Autolytic changes in blood cells of human cadavers. II. Morphological studies. Forensic Sci Int 17: 121–132

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pilz W, Reimann W, Krause DH (1980) Gerichtliche Medizin für Stomatologen. Barth, Leipzig

    Google Scholar 

  • Sainio P, Syrjänen S, Kelläla J, Parvianen A (1990) Postmortem pink teeth phenomenon: an experimental study and a survey of the literature. Proc Finn Dent Soc 86:29–35

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schleyer FL (1950) Gerinnungsfaktoren im Leichenblut. Seefeldt, Hannover

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson K (1974) Forensic Medicine, 8th edn. Edward Arnold, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Sims B (1983) Cited in Clark & Law 1984

  • Sognnaes RF (1977) Medical progress. Forensic stomatology. N Engl J Med 196:149–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanley HR, Weisman MI, Michanowicz AL, Denzzi R (1978) Ischemic infarction of the pulp: sequential degenerative changes of the pulp after traumatic injury. J Endodont 4:325–335

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeichi S, Wakasugi C, Shikata I (1985) Fluidity of cadaveric blood after sudden death: Part II. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 6:25–29

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Burght TP, Byrne JPH (1986) Staining patterns in teeth discolored by endodontic sealers. J Endodont 12:187–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk CW (1987) Pink teeth of the dead: A clinical and histological description. J Forensic Odonto-stomatol 5:41–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk CW (1988a) Pink teeth of the dead: II. Minor Variations. J Forensic Odonto-stomatol 6:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk CW (1988b) Postmortem pink teeth: in vitro production. J Oral Pathol Med 17:568–572

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk CW (1989) Postmortem pink teeth. Histochemical identification of the causative pigment. Am J Forens Med Pathol 10:134–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Wyk CW, Theunissen F, Phillips VM (1990) A grave matter — Dental findings of people buried in the 19th and 20th centuries. J Forensic Odonto-stomatol 8:15–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker DK, MacDonald DG (1989) A color atlas of forensic dentistry. Wolf Medical Publications, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittaker DK, Thomas VC, Thomas RIM (1976) Post-mortem pigmentation of the teeth. Br Dent J 140:100–102

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Borrman, H., Du Chesne, A. & Brinkmann, B. Medico-legal aspects of postmortem pink teeth. Int J Leg Med 106, 225–231 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01225410

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01225410

Key words

Schlüsselwörter

Navigation