Abstract
Living-related liver transplantation (LRLT) is a relatively new surgical modality that has developed, in part, to overcome the shortage of available cadaveric livers for transplantation and as a method to provide liver graft implants from living donors for patients end-stage with liver disease in areas where the use of cadaveric livers is not yet practiced or permitted. Since 1988 almost 500 LRLTs have been performed globally. The safety of donors who provide a portion of their liver for grafting is of utmost concern, and only one donor death from this procedure has been reported in the literature. Postoperative survival in recipients depends on their pretransplant physical status, but emergency patients in rapid need of a liver have a poorer survival than elective LRLT patients for whom survival is about 80%. Children and infants are the main recipients of LRLTs, but adult patients particularly in Japan, are increasing in number, and present indications for LRLT surgery include not only cholestatic end-stage liver diseases but also metabolic disorders affecting the liver and emergency LRLTs for fulminant hepatic failure. Many ethical problems relating to the concept of liver transplantation, donor liver source, recipient selection, and reimplantation have yet to be resolved. But we believe that LRLTs and cadaveric liver transplantations are saving lives and that the practice should be continued.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Alonso EM, Broelsch CE (1989) Reduced-size orthotopic liver transplantation: Use in the management of children with chronic liver disease. Hepatology 10:867–872
Wood PR, Katz SM, Ozaki CF, Monsour HP, Clark J, Ferraresso M, Baumann L, Thomas M, Weldon M, Hoef J, Fontenot D, Lyon H (1993) Development of the living-related donor liver transplant program at the Texas Medical Center: Initial results and surgical complications. Transplant Proc 25:50–52
Bismuth H, Houssin D (1984) Reduced-sized orthotopic liver graft in hepatic transplantation in children. Surgery 95:367–370
Broelsch CE, Emond JC, Thistlethwaite JR, Whitington PF, Zucker AR, Baker AL, Aran PF, Rouch DA, Lichtor JL (1988) Liver transplantation, including the concept of reduced-size liver transplants in children. Ann Surg 208:410–420
Ringe B, Pichlmayr R, Burdelski M (1988) A new technique of hepatic vein reconstruction in partial liver transplantation. Transplant Int 1:30–35
Strong RW, Lynch SV, Ong TH, Matsunami H, Koido Y, Balderson GA (1990) Successful liver transplantation from a living donor to her son. New Engl J Med 322:1505–1507
Otte JB, de Ville de Goyet J, Sokal E, Arberti D, Moulin D, de Hemptinne B, Veyckemans F, van Obbergh L, Carlier M, Clapuyt P (1990) Size reduction of the donor liver is a safe way to alleviate the shortage of size-matched organs in pediatric liver transplantation. Ann Surg 211:146–157
Pichlmayr R, Ringe B, Gubernatis G, Hauss J, Bunzendahl H (1988) Transplantation einer Spenderleber auf zwei Empfanger (splitting transplantation): Eine neue methode in der weiterentwicklung der lebersegment. Transplantation 373:127–130
Emond JC, Whitington PF, Thistlethwaite JR, Cherqui D, Alonso EA, Woodle IS, Vogelbach P, Busse Henry SM, Zucker AR, Broelsch CE (1990) Transplantation of two patients with one liver: Analysis of preliminary experience with “split-liver’ grafting Ann Surg 212:14–22
Raia S, Nery JR, Mies S (1989) Liver transplantation from live donors. Lancet 26:497
Nagasue N, Kohno H, Matsuo S, Yamanoi A, Uchida M, Takemoto Y, Nakamura T (1992) Segmental (partial) liver transplantation from a living donor. Transplant Proc 24:1958–1959
Heffron TG, Monsour HP, Tokunaga Y, Rogiers X, Katz SM, Belani KG (1993) In: Proceedings of the first international congress of pediatric transplantation. Minneapolis, Minnesota USA
Broelsch CE, Whitington PF, Emond JC, Heffron TG, Thistlethwaite JR, Stevens L, Piper J, Whitington SH, Lichtor JL (1991) Liver transplantation in children from living-related donors. Surgical techniques and results. Ann Surg 214:428–438
Emond JC, Heffron TG, Kortz EO, Gonzalez Vallina R, Contis JC, Black DD, Whitington PF (1993) Improved results of livingrelated liver transplantation with routine application in a pediatric program. Transplantation 55:835–840
UNOS Managing editor (1993) Numbers of Transplants performed in the U.S. by organ, year, and type of donor. UNOS Update 9:(5) May 43
Belle SH, Beringer KC, Detre KM (1995) Liver transplantation in the United States: Results from the national Pitt-UNOS liver transplant registry. Clin Transplants 1994:19–35
Esquivel CO, Martinez O, Kraus S, et al. (1995) Liver transplantation at California Medical Center, San Francisco, Calfornia. Clinical Transplants 1994, 163–172
Jurim O, Shackleton RC, McDiarmid VS, Martin P, Shaked A, Millis MJ, Imagawa KD, Olthoff KM, Maxfield ARN, Pakrasi LA, Bsn RN, Melinek J, BA Ament M, Vargas J (1995) Living-Donor liver transplantation at UCLA. Am J Surg 169:529–532
Terasaki PI, Cecka JM, Gjertson DW (1994) Current world opinion regarding the use of living donors. Clinical Transplants 1993: 341–343
Harmon W (1993) Pediatric Transplantation Committee reports UNOS Update 9:11–12
Reding R, de Ville de Goyet J, Sokol E, Otte JB (1996) Brussels experience with living-related liver transplantation (LRLT). The first 30 cases. In: Proceedings of PAPS 29th annual meeting, Singapore
Habib NA, Higgs BD, Marwan I, el Masy R, Helmi A, Saifi R, Abdel Wohab F, Abaza A, Koensa H (1993) Living related liver transplantation in Africa. Int Surg 78:121–123
Haberal M. Büyükpamukgu N, Bilgin N, et al. (1994) Segmentai living related liver transplantation in pediatric patients Transplantation Proc. 26:183–184
Lee SG, Lee YG, Park KM, Kim KM (1996) Living-related iver transplants: The Seoul experience. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Living Related Liver Transplantation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Chen CL, Chen YS, Liu PP, Chiang YC, Sun CK (1996) Livingrelated liver transplantation: The Kaohsiung experience. International Symposium on Living-Related Liver Transplantation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Saing H, Fan ST, Chan KL, Wei WI, Lo CM, Mya GH, Tsoi NS, Lo JWR, Chau MT, Tsoi WK, Chan J, Ng IOL, Yuen KY, Wong J (1996) Liver transplantation in children: The Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Experience. In: Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeeting of the Pacific Association of Pediatric Surgeons, Singapore
Otle J and Houssin D (Chairman) (1991) In: Proceedings of 5th European Society of Organ Transplantation 62–66, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Ozawa K, Uemotmo S, Tanaka K, Kumada K, Yamaoka Y, Kobayashi N, Inamoto T, Shimahara Y, Mori K, Honda K (1992) An appraisal of pediatric liver transplantation from living relatives: Initial clinical experiences in 20 pediatric liver transplantations from living relatives as donors. Ann Surg 216:547–553
Makuuchi M, Kawarazaki H, Iwanaka T, Kamada N, Takayama T, Kumon M (1992) Living-related liver transplantation. Surgery Today 22:297–300
Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S (1996) Living-related liver transplantation in adults. In: Proceedings of international symposium on living-related liver transplantation, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Heffron TG (1995) Living-related liver transplantation. Semin Liver Dis 15:165–172
Otte JB (May 1996) The current status of liver transplantation for biliary atresia. In: Proceedings of the 6th International Sendai Symposium on Biliary Atresia. Sendai, Japan
Morimoto T, Ichimiya M, Tanaka M, Ikai I, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura Y, Takada Y. Inomata Y. Honda. K, Inamoto T, Tanaka K, Yamaoka Y (1996) Guidelines for donor selection and an overview of the donor operation in living-related liver transplantation. Transplant Int 9:208–213
Monsour HP Jr, Wood RP, Ozaki C, Katz S, Clark J, Dyer C, Camel S (1994) Utility of preoperative liver biopsy in live-related donor patients for liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 26:138–139
Mori K, Nagata I, Yamagata S, Sasaki H, Nishizawa F, Takada Y, Moriyasu F, Tanaka K, Yamaoka Y, Kumada K (1992) The introduction of microvascular surgery to hepatic artery reconstruction in living-donor liver transplantation: Its surgical advantages compared with conventional procedures. Transplantation 54:263–268
Shimahara Y, Awane M, Yamaoka Y, Tanaka K, Morimoto T, Mori K, Higashiyama H, Yamaguchi T, Kumada K, Takada Y (1992) Analyses of the risk and operative stress for donors in living-related partial liver transplantation. Transplantation 54:983–988
Yamaoka Y. Ozawa K, Tanaka A, Mori K, Morimoto T, Shimahara Y, Zaima M, Tanaka K, Kumada K (1991) New devices for harvesting a hepatic graft from a living donor. Transplantation 52:157–160
Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S, Noguchi T, Hashikura Y, Matsunami H, Hayashi K, Harada H, Kakazu T, Takayama T, Kawarasaki H (1993) Donor hepatectomy for living-related partial liver transplantation. Surgery 113:395–402
Morimoto T, Yamaoka Y, Tanaka K, Tanaka A, Ikai I, Takada Y, Yamamoto Y, Nakamura Y, Inomata Y, Honda K, Inamoto T, Shimahara Y, Ozawa K (1994) Questionnaire to donors participating in living-related liver transplantation with regard to postoperative quality of life. J Transplant Coordination 4:126–131
Rogiers X, Shroeder T, Tuttlewski K, Broelsch C (1996) First report of the International living donor liver registry. In: Proceedings of 16th International Congress of the Transplantation Society, Barcelona, Spain
Goldman LS (1993) Liver transplantation using living donors. Preliminary donor psychiatric outcomes Psychosomatics 34:235–240
Malatack JJ, Schaid DJ, Urbach AH, Gärtner Jc, Zitelli BJ, Rockette H, Fischer J, Starzl TE, Iwatsuki S, Shaw BW (1987) Choosing a pediatric recipient for orthotopic liver transplantation. J Pediatr 111:479–489
Heffron TG, Emond JC (1992) Segmentall liver transplantation in children: Reduced size cadaveric, split, and Living-related. Transplant Science 2:28–33
Kimura K, Inomata Y (1996) Biliary atresia. In: Donnellan WL (ed) Abdominal surgery of infancy and childhood. Hawood Academic, Luxembourg, pp 32/1–32/13
Fujita S, Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Sano K, Manaka D, Shirahase I, Shinohara H, Yamaoka Y, Ozawa K (1993) Living-related liver transplantation for biliary atresia. Clin Transplant 7:571–577
Fujimoto M, Moriyasu F, Someda H, Nada T, Okuma M, Inomata Y, Tanaka K, Yamaoka Y (1995) Evaluation of portal hemodynamics with Doppler ultrasound in living-relatred donor liver transplantations in children: Implications for ligation of spontaneous collateral pathways. Transplant Proc 27:1174–1176
Chiba T (1988) Indications of Kasai's operation for biliary atresia: For early decision of liver transplantation. Arch Jpn Chir 57:261–266
Houssin D, Soubrane O, Boillot O, Dousset B, Ozier Y, Devictor D, Bernard O, Chapuis Y (1992) Orthotopic liver transplantation with a reduced-size graft: An ideal compromise in pediatrics? Surgery 111:532–542
Yamaoka Y, Washida M, Honda K, Tanaka K, Mori K, Shimahara Y, Okamoto S, Ueda M, Hayashi M, Tanaka A, Morimoto T, Ozawa K (1994) Liver transplantation using a right lobe from a living-related donor. Trasnplantation 57:1127–1130
Higashiyama H, Yamaguchi T, Mori K, Nakano Y, Yokoyama T, Takeuchi T. Yamamoto N, Yamaoka Y, Tanaka K, Kumada K (1993) Graft size assessment by preoperative computed tomography in living-related partial liver transplantaiton. Br J Surg 80:489–492
Urata K, Kawasaki S, Matsunami H, Hashikura Y, Ikegami T, Ishizone S, Momose Y, Komiyama A, Makuuchi M (1995) Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantaiton. Hepatology 21:1317–1321
Inomata Y, Tanaka K, Okajima H, Uemoto S, Ozaki N, Egawa H, Satomura K, Kiuchi T, Yamaoka Y (1996) Living-related liver transplantation for children younger than 1 year old. Eur J Pediatr Surg 6:148–151
Strong R, Lynch S, Yamanaka J, Kawamoto S, Pilly P, Ong TH (1995) Monosegmental liver transplantation. Surgery 118: 904–907
Emond JC, Heffron TG, Whitington PF, Broelsch CE (1993) Reconstruction of the hepatic vein in reduced-size hepatic transplantation. Surg Gynecal Obstetr 176:11–17
Takayama T, Makuuchi M, Kawasaki S, Ishizone-S, Matsunami H, Iwanaka T, Kqwarasaki H (1994) Outflow Y-reconstruction for living-related partial hepatic transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 179:227–229
Yamaguchi T, Yamaoka Y, Mori K, Shimahara Y, Fukushima S, Mitsuyoshi K, Tanaka K, Kumada K, Ozawa K (1993) Hepatic vein reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation: An overview of a series of 30 cases. Transplant Proc 25:1098–1101
Egawa H, Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Someda H, Moriyasu F, Sano K, Nishizawa F, Ozawa K (1993) Relief of hepatic vein stenosis by balloon angioplasty after living-related liver transplantation. Clin Transplant 7:306–311
Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Tokunaga Y, Fujita S, Sano K, Nishizawa T, Sawada H, Shirahase I, Kim HJ, Yamaoka Y, Ozawa K (1993) Surgical techniques and innovations in living-related liver transplantation. Ann Surg 217:82–91
Tokunaga Y, Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Tanaha A, Morimoto T, Mori K, Yamaoka Y Ozama K (1994) Experience with vascular grafts in living related liver transplantation Transplant Proc. 26:896–897
Inomoto T, Nishizawa F, Terajima H, Shirakata Y, Yamamoto Y, Miyamoto S, Fujimoto M, Tanaka K, Yamaoka Y (1995) The use of the recipient's sigmoid artery for a revision of hepatic arterial reconstruction after thrombosis in LRLT. Transplantation 60:881–882
Inomoto T, Nishizawa F, Sasaki H, Terajima H, Shirakata Y, Miyamoto S, Nagata I, Fujimoto M, Moriyasu F, Tanaka K, Yamaoka Y (1996) Experiences of 120 microsurgical reconstructions of hepatic artery in living-related liver transplantation. Surgery 119:20–26
Uemoto S, Ozawa K. Tanaka K, Honda K, Mori K, Yamamoto E, Sano K, Fujita T, Shirahase I, Katoh H (1991) Experience with FK506 in living-related donor liver transplantation. Transplant. Proc 23:3007–3009
Inomata Y, Tanaka K, Egawa H, Uemoto S, Ozaki N, Okajima H, Satomura K, Kiuchi T, Yamaoka Y, Hashida T. The evolution of immunosuppression with FK506 in pediatric living-related liver transplantation. Transplantation 61:247–252
Yasuhara M, Hashida T, Toraguchi M (1995) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of FK506 in pediatric patients receiving living-related donor liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 27:1108–1110
Ramos HC, Reyes J, Abu Elmagd K, Zeevi A, Reinsmoen N, Tzakis A, Demetris AJ, Fung JJ, Flynn B, McMichael J (1995) Weaning of immunosuppression in long-term liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 59:212–217
Hasegawa S, Tanak K, Egawa H, Inomata Y, Murakawa M, Terada Y, Arai T, Yamaoka Y, Mori K (1996) Perioperative respiratory management with fiberoptic bronchoscopy in pediatric living-related liver transplantation. Surgery 119:198–201
Batts K (1996) Liver allograft rejection: Current status of classification and grading. Transplant Proc 28:453–456
Sano K, Tanaka K, Uemoto S, Fujita S, Tokunaga Y, Inomata Y. Ozawa K, Minamishima Y (1994) Cytomegalovirus infection in living-related liver transplantation. Rapid diagnosis by human monoclonal antibody staining. Transplant Sci 4:105–111
Egawa H, Ohishi T, Arai T, Matsui A, Inomata Y, Uemoto S, Okajima H, Kiuchi T, Tanaka K (1996) Application of in-situ hybridization technique (ISH) for quantitive assessment of ongoing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection after living-related liver transplantation. In: Proceedings of the Am Soc Transplant Phys, Texas, USA
Zaiko AB, Claus D, Clapuyt P, Esquival CO, Moulin D, Starzl TE, de Ville de Goyet J, Otte JB (1989) Obstruction to hepatic venous drainage after liver transplantation: Treatment with balloon angioplasty. Radiology 170:763–765
Meister RK, Esquivel CO, Cox KL, et al (1993) The influence of portoenterostomy with stoma on morbidity in pediatric patients with biliary atreria undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 28:389–390
Broelsch CE, Burdelski M, Rogiers X, Gundlach M, Knoefel WT, Langwieler T, Fischer L, Latta A, Hellwege H, Schults FJ, Schmiegel W, Sterneck M, Greten H, Kuechler T, Krupski G, Loeliger C, Kuehnl P, Pothmann W, Esch JS (1994) Living donor for liver transplantation. Hepatology 20:49S-55S
Alonso ME, Piper BJ, Echols G, Thistlethwaite RJ, Whitington FP (1996) Allograft rejection in pediatric recipients of living-related liver transplantation. Hepatology 23:40–43
Demetris AJ, Jaffe R, Tzakis A, Ramsey G, Todo S, Belle S, Esquivel C, Shapiro R, Markus B, Mroczek E (1988) Antibody-mediated rejection of human orthotopic liver allografts. A study of liver transplantation across ABO blood group barriers. Am J Pathol 132:489–502
Guggenheim J, Samuel D, Reynes M, Bismuth H (1990) Liver transplantation across ABO blood group barriers. Lancet 336:519–523
Bismuth H (1994) Consensus statement on indications for liver transplantation. Paris, June. Hepatology 20:1 63S-68S
Farges O, Kalil AN, Samuel D, Saliba F, Arulnaden JL, Debat P, Bismuth A, Castaing D, Bismuth H (1995) The use of ABO-incompatible grafts in liver transplantation. A life-saving procedure in highly selected patients. Transplantation 59:1124–1133
Cox K, Nakazato P, Berquist W, Concepcion W, Tokunage Y, Esquivel C (1991) Liver transplantation in infants of less than 10kg. Transplant Proc 23:1579–1580
Renard TH, Andrews WS (1992) An approach to ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in children. Transplantation 53:116–121
Yandzar T, Lambert T, Alvarez F, Gauthier F, Jacolot D, Huault G, Fabre M, Valauer J (1994) The outcome of ABO-incompatible liver transplantation in children with no specific alloantibodies at the time of transplantation. Transplantation 58:46–50
Boudjema K, Cherqui D, Jaeck D, Chenard-Neu MP, Steib A, Freis G, Becmeur F, Brunot B, Simeoni U, Bellocq JP (1995) Auxiliary liver transplantation for fulminant and subfulminant hepatic failure. Transplantation 59:218–223
Ichida T, Matsunami H, Kawasaki S, Makuuchi M, Harada T, Itoh S, Asakura H (1995) Living-related donor liver transplantation from adult to adult for primary biliary cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 122:275–276
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Tanaka, K., Inomata, Y. Present status and prospects of living-related liver transplantation. J Hep Bil Pancr Surg 4, 51–70 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01211344
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01211344