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Constitutive properties of dry sand observable in the triaxial test

Stoffeigenschaften von trockenem Sand, entdeckbar im Dreiachsialversuch

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Summary

The so-called “rigid-granular” model for dry sand is tested here, within the frame of a bifurcation analysis of continuous and discontinuous deformation modes occurring in the triaxial test. For describing incipient shear parallel to the geometric axes of the sample and at 45° to them, two shear moduli μ and\(\mathop \mu \limits^* \) must be introduced. For obtaining predictions conformable to the experimental evidence, μ and\(\mathop \mu \limits^* \) must be proportional to the governing stress level and their ratio\(\mathop \mu \limits^* /\mu \) must be less then 1 (anisotropy). The analysis shows then that: 1) in the compression test the diffuse mode (bulging) occurs in the hardening regime whereas the localized modes (rigid wedges, shear bands) occur in the softening regime, and 2) in the extension test localized necking is always occurring in the hardening regime.

Zusammenfassung

Das sogenannte “starr-körnige” Modell von trockenem Sand wird hier im Rahmen einer Verzweigungsanalyse kontinuierlicher und diskontinuierlicher Deformationsmoden im Dreiachsialversuch geprüft. Es werden zwei Schubmoduli μ und\(\mathop \mu \limits^* \) eingeführt, die die beginnende Scherung parallel zu den geometrischen Achsen der Probe und zu um 45° geneigten Achsen beschreiben. Damit die Vorhersagen im Einklang mit den Versuchsergebnissen stehen, müssen μ und\(\mathop \mu \limits^* \) proportional zum herrschenden Spannungsniveau sein. Zusätzlich muß das Verhältnis\(\mathop \mu \limits^* /\mu \) kleiner als 1 sein (Anisotropie). Die Analyse zeigt dann, daß 1) im Kompressionsversuch die diffuse Mode (Faßbildung) im Verfestigungsbereich einsetzt und Lokalisierungen (Bildung starrer Keile, Scherfugen) im Entfestigungsbereich eintreten, und daß 2) im Extensionsversuch die lokalisierte Halsbildung (Einschnürung) immer im Verfestigungsbereich stattfindet.

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Vardoulakis, I. Constitutive properties of dry sand observable in the triaxial test. Acta Mechanica 38, 219–239 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01176466

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