Abstract
Free-standing films of polypyrrole have been electrochemically synthesized from solutions of pyrrole andp-toluene sulphonate in water. The resulting polymer was exposed to a variety of electron-beam conditions in an analytical scanning transmission electron microscope and the interaction between the electron beam and the sample was investigated by elemental X-ray spectroscopy and electron diffraction. In transmission mode, with an 80 kV beam, the films were found to be stable with respect to the production of sulphur X-rays for up to 500 live seconds. Molecular ordering was observed to be destroyed by the action of the beam. Such techniques, together with X-ray scattering, were subsequently utilized to examine spatial variations in molecular trajectory and counter-ion content; these variations were found to be associated with the nodular surface structure that characterizes polypyrrole.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
D. C. Bassett, “Principles of Polymer Morphology” (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981).
M. Tsuji, in “Comprehensive Polymer Science vol 1”, edited byC. Booth andC. Price (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1989) p. 785.
D. T. Grubb,J. Mater. Sci. 9 (1974) 1715.
D. Vesely andD. Finch, in “Electron Microscopy and Analysis 1985”, edited by G. J. Tatlock (Hilger, Bristol, 1985) p. 7.
D. Vesely, A. Low andM. Bevis, in “Developments in Electron Microscopy and Analysis”, edited by J. A. Venables (Academic Press, London, 1976) p. 333.
D. Bloor, A. P. Monkman, G. C. Stevens, K. M. Cheung andS. Pugh,Mol Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 187 (1990) 231.
M. Ogasawara, K. Funahashi, T. Demura, T. Hagiwara andK. Iwata,Synth. Met. 14 (1986) 61.
Y. Lu, J. Li andW. Wu,ibid. 30 (1989) 87.
S. J. Sutton andA. S. Vaughan,ibid. 58 (1993) 391.
G. R. Mitchell, F. J. Davis andC. H. Legge,ibid. 26 (1988) 247.
S. A. Chen andS. H. Chen,J. Polym. Sci. C Polym. Lett. 27 (1989) 93.
S. J. Sutton andA. S. Vaughan,J. Mater. Sci. 28 (1993) 4962.
R. H. Geiss, G. B. Street, W. Volksen andJ. Economy,IBM J. Res. Develop. 27 (1983) 321.
G. R. Mitchell andA. Geri,J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 20 (1987) 1346.
S. J. Sutton, PhD thesis, University of Reading (1993).
A. F. Diaz, K. K. Kanazawa andG. P. Gardini,J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun. 14 (1979) 635.
G. R. Mitchell, F. J. Davis andM. S. Kiani,Br. Polym. J. 23 (1990) 157.
A. Kassim, F. J. Davis andG. R. Mitchell,Synth. Met. 62 (1994) 62.
R. H. Geiss, in “Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Electron Microscopy Society of America” (1980) p. 238.
R. Qian, in “Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials”, edited by W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundstrom and B. Rånby (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993) pp. 161–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Minto, C.D.G., Vaughan, A.S. Electron irradiation and microstructure in polypyrrole. J Mater Sci 30, 6028–6034 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01151524
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01151524